Abstract: Rhodiola rosea L.,an important traditional medicinal herb,has garnered significant attention due to its extensive medicinal value and potential applications across various fields.Traditionally,Rhodiola rosea L.,as a traditional herb,possesses effects of anti-hypoxia,lung-clearing and antitussive,as well as anti-aging.Active components such as salidroside and caffeic acid provide the molecular basis for its smedicinal properties.The application of molecular biology techniques in the study of Rhodiola rosea L.has expanded our understanding of its genetic diversity,germplasm resource characteristics,and molecular mechanisms.Moreover,Rhodiola rosea L.demonstrates broad market potential in the food,livestock,and cosmetics industries.When combined with different ingredients,it has led to the creation of various innovative food products.Its inclusion in livestock feed has improved animal performance and immunity,while its extracts exhibit whitening and anti-aging properties in cosmetics.However,challenges such as resource conservation and clinical validation still exist in the research and application of Rhodiola rosea L..Therefore,this review aimed to systematically summarize the germplasm resources and modern applications of Rhodiola rosea L.,providing new insights into the integration of modern biotechnology and traditional herbal medicine,and promoting continuous innovation in health,production,and beauty sectors.