Abstract: Under the background of the ‘Two Mountains’ theory, the issue of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions has attracted wide attention from all walks of life, and positive measures need to be taken to mitigate the impact on climate change, and the heat of low-carbon agriculture is increasing.This study used emission factor method and parameter estimation method to estimate agricultural carbon emission and carbon sink from 2010 to 2021 in Shanxi Province, and used SBM model to evaluate agricultural environmental efficiency.The results showed that the agricultural carbon emission in Shanxi Province presents a trend of ‘rapid rise-slow decline-rapid rise’ during 2010—2021,and the emission intensity showed a downward trend.The overall agricultural carbon sink showed a trend of ‘rapid rise-decline-slow rise’,and the net carbon sink was roughly the same.In 2021,agricultural carbon emissions will total 7.270 3×10~4 t and carbon sinks will total 15.492 5×10~4 t.The environmental efficiency model was used to evaluate agricultural environmental efficiency in Shanxi Province from 2010 to 2021.The environmental efficiency of Shanxi Province was steadily improved, reaching the optimal fit in 2020 and maintaining the optimal fit in 2021.This study summarized four typical low-carbon agricultural development modes in Shanxi Province, ecological cycle, clean energy, combination of planting and breeding and green science and technology.In order to provide reference for the high quality development of low carbon agriculture in Shanxi Province, three suggestions were put forward, vigorously developing organic dry farming agriculture, optimizing agricultural production mode and developing agricultural carbon trading market.