Abstract: The rhizosphere soil samples of the most widely planted rapeseed variety ‘Fangyou 777’ at the Hanzhong rapeseed planting base in Shaanxi were used as experimental materials.The high-throughput amplicon test method was used to analyze and compare the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community of the samples, in order to provide reference for the subsequent screening of rapeseed rhizosphere growth promoting bacteria and the study of the interaction between rapeseed rhizosphere soil and microorganisms.The results showed that there were significant differences in the microbial community structure of the rhizosphere soil of rapeseed at different stages, and the microbial diversity and richness of the soil samples during the flowering stage of rapeseed were higher than those during the fruit stage.In the composition of the community structure, there were 10 bacterial phyla with a proportion greater than 1%,and 6 bacterial genera with a proportion greater than 1%.Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were their common dominant bacterial groups.There were 7 species in the phylum of fungi with a proportion greater than 1%,and 7 species in the genus of fungi with a proportion greater than 1%.The Mortierella phylum was the absolute dominant fungal community in the rhizosphere of rapeseed.The different growth stages of rapeseed were important factors affecting the structure and diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities in rapeseed.