Abstract: Soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are the main components of soil microorganism quantity, they are closely related with the cycle of various nutrients in soil, soil microbial biomass can be used as the environment change, which is one of the important indicators of life, and the soil microbial community structure is considered to be more sensitive biological indicator of warning ecosystem changes.The effects of soil physical and chemical properties, climate, site plants and human factors on soil microbial biomass and diversity were summarized, and the focus of future research is to strengthen the integration of large-scale multi-ecosystem under the background of global change were pointed out, in order to provide reference for future research and practice of soil microbial diversity, the interaction between multiple factors and soil microbial diversity was comprehensively considered and the methods to improve soil microbial biomass and diversity under high ecological pressure were discussed.