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淀粉的糊化与凝胶特性及食用品质研究

Study on Gelatinization and Gelation Characteristics of Starches and Their Edible Qualities

  • 摘要: 不同种类的淀粉具有不同的理化、感官特性,为了实现从原料推断产品的好坏,本研究以市场上常用的各种淀粉原料作为试材,探究谷类淀粉(小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉)、薯类淀粉(马铃薯淀粉、红薯淀粉、木薯淀粉)、豆类淀粉(豌豆淀粉、绿豆淀粉)的基本成分、溶解度、膨胀度、糊化特性、凝胶特性及感官评分等指标。结果表明:豆类淀粉的直链淀粉含量最多,薯类淀粉的直链淀粉含量最低;谷类淀粉的糊化温度相对较高,稳定性最好,薯类淀粉糊化温度最低;马铃薯淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度及回生值最大,豌豆淀粉的峰值黏度最小,玉米淀粉的回生值最小;豆类淀粉的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性及凝胶强度最大,黏度最小;薯类淀粉的黏度最大,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性及凝胶强度最小;豆类淀粉的感官得分最高,薯类淀粉的感官得分最低,其中豌豆淀粉的感官得分最高,为8.14分(满分9分),该产品色泽剔透、质地紧密,弹性好,更为消费者所喜爱。综合各项指标得出豆类淀粉中的豌豆淀粉的糊化凝胶特性及感官指标相对较好,可将其大力开发成凝胶产品。

     

    Abstract: Different kinds of starches showed different physical, chemical and sensory characteristics. In the present research, the basic compositions, solubility, swelling degree, gelatinization, gel properties and sensory scores of market commonly used starches including cereal starches(wheat starch, corn starch), potato starches(potato starch, sweet potato starch, cassava starch) and legume starches(pea starch, mung bean starch) were investigated to achieve the qualities of starches products. Results showed that legume starches had the highest content of amylose, while potato starches had the least. The cereal starches exhibited relatively high gelatinization temperature and the best stability, while potato starches showed the lowest gelatinization temperature. Besides, the peak viscosity, valley viscosity, final viscosity and retrogradation value of potato starch were the largest, the peak viscosity of pea starch was the smallest, and the retrogradation value of corn starch was the least. The hardness, elasticity,chewiness and gel strength of legume starches were the largest while the viscosity was the smallest. Potato starches showed the lowest hardness, elasticity, chewiness and gel strength with the highest viscosity. Finally, legume starches had the highest sensory score(pea starch of 8.14), while potato starches had the lowest sensory score. The product had clear color, compact texture and good elasticity, which was more popular with consumers. It could be concluded that the gelatinized gel properties and sensory indices of pea starch in legume starches were relatively better, and the relevant gel products can be developed vigorously.

     

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