Abstract: Took typical upland black soil area in Heilongjiang province as the research object,adopt medium tractor implement compaction test, this article proposed an innovative method for testing soil penetration resistance and moisture content after agricultural machinery compaction. Study the influence of agricultural machinery compaction on the soil physical properties had important theoretical and practical significance for the scientific use of agricultural machinery, maintaining and improving the productivity of cultivated land in the black soil area. A total of six treatments for compaction 1-5 times and uncompacted contrast（CK）, took seven measuring points in the vertical direction of the compacted rut with the midpoint of the rut as the center（each measuring point interval of 10 cm）, measured soil penetration resistance of 0-40 cm soil layer and soil moisture content of 0-20 cm soil layer. The research results showed that, with the increase of compaction times by the medium-sized tractor, the soil penetration resistance of the testing cross section increased, and the soil penetration resistance under the compaction trace increased most obviously; At the 5-20 cm soil layer and the testing points of10-50 cm, after compaction the test cross section obviously formed a compaction affected area with larger soil penetration resistance, and its impact range and extent increased with the increase of compaction times; In the soil layer of 0-20 cm, the soil penetration resistance of the contrast treatment was less than 800 kPa, but after continuous compaction for 2-5 times, the soil penetration resistance exceeded 1 000 k Pa, which affect the growth and development of crop roots; Below the rut, the area of with larger soil penetration resistance increased with the increase of compaction times, and the area with little soil penetration resistance decreased with the increase of compaction times. The soil penetration resistance of the 0-20 cm soil layer changed the most and the soil penetration resistance of each compaction treatment showed a "nose-shaped" curve as the testing depth increased, and with the increase of the compaction times, the nose-shaped area became more and more obvious; Soil layer,compaction times, testing points and the interaction of various factors were all significant factors affecting soil penetration resistance（P＜0.01）, of which the soil layer and compaction times were the most important factors; The medium-sized tractor compaction, resulting in an increase in the soil moisture content of the 0-20 cm soil layer below the rut, which increased by 11.3%-27.6% compared with the testing points on both sides. Compared with the contrast treatment, the soil moisture content of each compaction treatment increased by 25.8%-36.7%.