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施用沼液对黄土高原雨养农业区苹果园土壤生态及果实品质的影响

Effects of biogas slurry application on soil ecology and fruit quality of apple orchards in rain-fed agricultural region on Loess Plateau

    摘要
  • 摘要: 【目的】探究连续施用沼液对黄土高原雨养农业区苹果园土壤生态改良的作用及对果实品质的影响。【方法】对庄浪县10年生‘惠民短枝富士’园连续施用3 a沼液（T）、以不施沼液为对照（CK），测定不同土层0～20cm（S1）、20～40 cm（S2）、40～60 cm（S3）的土壤养分状况和苹果果实品质相关指标。【结果】与CK相比，施沼液后各土层土壤全氮含量、有机质含量、土壤孔隙度、土壤蔗糖酶活性、土壤脲酶活性均显著提高，相较于CK,S1、S2、S3土壤全氮含量分别提高16.02%、51.05%、114.16%；土壤有机质含量分别提高69.23%、54.21%、23.76%；土壤孔隙度分别提高7.06%、4.23%、2.67%；土壤蔗糖酶活性分别提高104.45%、533.67%、322.67%；土壤脲酶活性分别提高16.77%、31.05%、250.03%。施沼液后各土层土壤全磷、速效钾含量、pH、电导率、容重均显著降低，相较于CK,S1、S2、S3土壤全磷分别降低7.50%、18.44%、28.17%；土壤速效钾分别降低22.73%、43.97%、47.29%；土壤pH分别降低1.43%、1.58%、0.77%；土壤电导率分别降低7.51%、15.43%、23.63%；土壤容重分别降低6.27%、4.12%、2.18%；此外，施沼液显著提高S3土壤磷酸酶的活性，显著降低S1和S2土壤磷酸酶的活性。S3土壤碱性磷酸酶的活性提高74.23%;S1和S2土壤碱性磷酸酶的活性分别降低40.79%、12.61%。另一方面，沼液处理后单果质量（281.28 g）、果实横径（86.00 mm）、果实平均硬度（7.36 kg/cm2）、果实可溶性固形物含量（15.67）和果实固酸比（6.95）较CK分别提高7.96%、4.05%、7.99%、9.69%、0.59%。【结论】综上所述，在黄土高原雨养农业区苹果园连续增施沼液可显著提高土壤肥力、改善土壤理化性状，调节土壤酶活性、提高果树对土壤养分的利用效率，增强果树对干旱环境的适应性，进而提高苹果单果产量、改善果实品质。

     

    Abstract: 【Objective】In order to explore the effect of continuous application of biogas slurry on soil ecological improvement and fruit quality of apple orchards in rain-fed agricultural areas on the Loess Plateau.【Method】After applying biogas slurry （T） continuously for three years in 10-year-old‘Huimin shortbranch Fuji’garden in Zhuanglang County and taking no biogas slurry as control （CK）.the soil nutrient status and related indexes of apple fruit quality in different soil layers of 0～20 cm （S1）,20～40 cm （S2） and 40～60 cm （S3） were determined.【Result】Compared with CK.soil total nitrogen content.organic matter content.soil porosity.soil sucrase activity and soil urease activity were significantly increased after biogas slurry application.Compared with CK.soil total nitrogen content in S1.S2 and S3 increased by 16.02%,51.05%and 114.16%.respectively;Soil organic matter content increased by 69.23%,54.21%and23.76%.respectively.Soil porosity increased by 7.06%,4.23%and 2.67%.respectively.Soil sucrase activity increased by 104.45%,533.67%and 322.67%.respectively.Soil urease activity increased by16.77%,31.05%and 250.03%.respectively.After biogas slurry application.the contents of total phosphorus.available potassium.pH.electrical conductivity and bulk density of soil decreased significantly.compared with CK.total P in S1.S2 and S3 decreased by 7.50%,18.44%and 28.17%.respectively.Soil available k decreased by 22.73%,43.97%and 47.29%.respectively.Soil pH decreased by 1.43%,1.58%and0.77%.respectively.The soil conductivity decreased by 7.51%,15.43%and 23.63%.respectively.Soil bulk density decreased by 6.27%,4.12%and 2.18%.respectively.In addition,biogas slurry application significantly increased the activity of soil phosphatase in S3.and significantly decreased the activity of soil phosphatase in S1 and S2.Alkaline phosphatase activity in S3 soil increased by 74.23%.The activity of alkaline phosphatase in S1 and S2 decreased 40.79%and 12.61%.respectively.On the other hand.after biogas slurry treatment.single fruit weight （281.28 g）.cross diameter （86.00 mm）.average fruit hardness（7.36 kg/cm~2）.fruit soluble solid content （15.67） and fruit solid to acid ratio （6.95） increased by 7.96%,4.05%,7.99%.9.69%and 0.59%compared with CK.respectively.【Conclusion】Continuous application of biogas slurry to apple orchards in rain-fed agricultural area of Loess Plateau could significantly improve soil fertility.soil physical and chemical properties.regulate soil enzyme activities.to improve the utilization efficiency of fruit trees to soil nutrients.enhance the adaptability of fruit trees to drought environment.thus increasing apple single fruit yield and improving fruit quality.

     

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