Abstract: 【Objective】 To study the effects of different conservation tillage measures on soil phosphorus fractions and to provide a theoretical basis for efficient phosphorus use in dryland agriculture.【Method】 Four tillage practices（no-tillage,NT;no-tillage straw mulch,NTS;conventional tillage straw mulch,TS;conventional tillage,T） were studied in 2022 on the phosphorus fractions of Resin-P,NaHCO3-P,NaOHP,HCl-P and Residual-P in the 0～60 cm soil layer of wheat fields.【Result】 With the deepening of the soil layer,the phosphorus content of each treatment showed a decreasing trend,but the residual phosphorus content did not change significantly. In the 0～20 cm soil layer of the NTS treatment,the total phosphorus content and the effective phosphorus content increased significantly by 9. 95% and 22. 14%,respectively,compared with T. However,in the 20～60 cm soil layer,the total phosphorus content and the effective phosphorus content did not change significantly. Correlation analysis showed that the soil effective phosphorus content was positively correlated with soil organic carbon and soil moisture content,and negatively correlated with soil pH.【Conclusion】 No-till+straw mulching is beneficial for the accumulation and improvement of total and effective phosphorus in the soil,and straw mulching may promote soil phosphorus activation and improve crop phosphorus use efficiency by affecting soil organic carbon,and soil moisture and pH.