Abstract: In this study, 9 pairs of SSR primers were used to analyze the population genetic structure of 110 individuals from 11 natural populations of Toxicodendron vernicifluum in Mts.Qinling-Bashan area. A total of 84 polymorphic bands were detected by 9 pairs of primers, with an average of 9.333 3 multiple alleles per locus（N_A=9.333 3）. The genetic diversity of T.vernicifluum in Mts.Qinling-Bashan area was high（species level: A=9.333 3, H=0.816 6, I=1.959 5. Population level: A=1.989 9, H=0.421 3, I=0.607 2）. Analysis of molecular variance（AMOVA） showed significant genetic differentiation(F_st=0.481 9). Cluster analysis showed that geographically closed populations tended to cluster together precedence. Mantel Test showed that there was a significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance（R=0.295, P≤0.01）. The abundant genetic variation T. vernicifluum may be resulted from its wide distribution area and multiple populations. It is speculated that entomophilous pollination and geographical isolated population were the reasons for its remarkable genetic differentiation. Based on the rich genetic diversity and significant population genetic differentiation, we suggested that in situ conservation should be the priority for T. vernicifluum in Mts. Qinling-Bashan area.