Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in a variety of biological growth processes and stress-resistance responses. As the plant-specific miRNA family, the miR164 mainly targets for NAC transcriptional factors. To reveal the regulatory mechanism for miR164 and its target gene, the mature sequence of miR164b and its targeted sequence of PeNAC1 were isolated respectively from Phyllostachys edulis seedlings by RT-PCR with stem-loop RT primers. The analysis indicated that there was one miR164b complementary site located in the open reading frame region of PeNAC1 mRNA. The sequencing result of RLM-5'RACE confirmed that PeNAC1 was regulated by miR164b through specific cleavage at the site between the 10th and 11th bases. Tissue specific expression of miR164b and PeNAC1 demonstrated that they both expressed in root, stem, leaf and sheath, of which miR164b expressed in root with the highest level and the lowest level in stem, while that of PeNAC1 coincided with miR164b conversely. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that miR164b was down-regulated under the treatments of NaCl (250 mmol·L-1), low temperature (4℃) and high light (1 500 μmol·m-2·s-1), but it was up-regulated obviously under the treatment of GA3 (100 μmol·L-1). Meanwhile, the expression of PeNAC1 showed exactly the opposite trends. It is suggested that miR164b played a regulator role in the expression of PeNAC1, which might be closely related to the resilience process of respond to abiotic stress. This result provides a reference of bamboo molecular breeding for resilience by using miRNA.