Abstract: Objective In order to reveal the self-compatibility of Camellia oleifera and find out self-fertile clones. Method Three pollination treatments such as spontaneous self pollination, hand-selfing and opening pollination were designed to analyze the fruit setting rates, compatibility index (CI) by hand-selfing, relative compatibility index and characteristic variation of fruits among 50 C. oleifera clones. Result The result showed that C. oleifera is a highly self-incompatible plant. The fruit setting rate of opening pollination is the highest, hand-selfing the second and spontaneous self pollination the lowest. The compatibility index indicated that there was variation among different C. oleifera clones, the mean compatibility index ranged from 0 to 1.355 5. Most of the C. oleifera clones were self-incompatible except for No.0531 (CI=1.355 5) and No.0504 (CI=1.044 4). All of the experimental materials could be divided into 3 groups, i.e. self-compatible (2%), self-incompatible (84%) and highly self-incompatible (12%). For the rate of fertile fruit and average seed number of C. oleifera, significant positive relationship was found between hand selfing pollination and opening (r>0.6). Conclusion The characteristic of selfing fruit was inferior to opening pollination fruits in the whole. Highly self-incompatibility was one of the main reason causing flower and fruit dropping and low production of C. oleifera.