Abstract: Aiming at the problem of data transmission delay and lower operation effect of plant protection robot, the communication system of plant protection robot based on distributed optimization algorithm was designed and studied. The plant protection robot was designed by CPS system, and it was constituted of user layer, information processing layer, network communication layer and physical layer. To reduce data transmission delay and improve information transmission speed, the distribution optimization algorithm of plant protection robot communication system was designed. It included the limited consistency analysis of multiple individual system, and the distributed optimization of communication system. To verify the effectiveness of communication system, the performance test of communication system and information processing unction test were carried out. The test results show that the communication system has good data transmission effect and could complete information processing.