Abstract: In order to improve the operational efficiency of corn harvesting machine in China, the calculus control theory was proposed as the optimization leading, and the applied research on its core structure and operation control was carried out. Based on the main operation process of general corn harvesting machine, combined with the functional characteristics of the whole operation process, the calculus control optimization model for each link of the harvesting machine was built,and the adaptive design was carried for the core structure and executive parts of the machine. The design of guidance control execution system and interference control system under the calculus algorithm was also given, and targeted harvest operation test was carried out, the results showed that: the structure and control design of the corn harvesting machine based on calculus theory, the harvest impurity rate and grain breakage rate were significantly reduced, the system run accurately and smoothly, the operation efficiency of the whole machine could be improved by 9. 26%, which would have a positive application effect in the precision operation of the corn harvesting machine, and would be important reference significance for the continuous innovation of similar agricultural harvesting machines in China.