Abstract: In order to further improve the comprehensive operation efficiency of the precision planter in China, the concept of mathematical partial differential equation control was proposed as the starting point, and the performance optimization research of its operation system was carried. By scientifically building the mathematical partial differential control model for the accurate sowing, designing the software control architecture based on the seed metering, the sowing and condition monitoring, optimizing the hardware execution structure based on the system main control device, seed guide components and the ditching device, a complete and reasonable partial differential control precision planter was formed for the operation test. The results showed that the evaluation parameters of the precision planter were significantly improved before and after the application of mathematical partial differential equation control, in which the sowing accuracy and system stability were relatively improved by 7.95% and 6.90% respectively, the seed damage rate could be controlled below 0.50%, and the operation efficiency of the whole machine could be improved to 94.73%. The operation effect of partial differential control was good. The improvement had combined the mathematical control model thinking with the system design thinking, which would be a strong prospect of the popularization and application.