Abstract: Rural ecological environmental protection and sustainable agricultural development are important topics in the development of today′s society. With the growth of population and economic development, the rural ecological environment is facing increasing pressure, and problems such as land degradation, soil erosion, and excessive use of chemicals have become the main bottlenecks restricting the sustainable development of agriculture. This paper discusses the relationship between rural ecological environmental protection and sustainable agricultural development. Firstly, the impact of agriculture on the ecological environment is discussed. Secondly, the necessity of rural ecological environmental protection is proposed, including protecting the stability of the ecosystem, improving land use efficiency, and reducing pollutant emissions. Then, the concepts, principles and national standards of sustainable agricultural development were discussed, and some ways to achieve sustainable agricultural development were introduced, such as promoting ecological agriculture, conserving resources and improving soil quality. Finally, combined with practical cases, how to promote the sustainable development of agriculture while protecting the rural ecological environment is discussed. The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for achieving the coordinated development of economy, society and ecology.