Abstract: With the increasing global population growth and resource scarcity, sustainability in agriculture is an important research goal for harmonious social development and rural revitalization. Agricultural robots have great potential for improving agricultural productivity, reducing production costs, decreasing dependence on chemicals, and reducing labor demand. Based on the development history and technical characteristics of agricultural robots, this paper then analyzes the role they play in achieving sustainable agricultural development, which can promote the intelligence and automation of agricultural production, improve the efficiency of resource utilization, and reduce the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, thus reducing the negative impact on the environment. In addition, agricultural robots can also solve the problem of labor shortage, improve the productivity and income level of farmers, and thus promote the sustainable development of rural economy. However, agricultural robots face technical, economic, and policy challenges in the process of popularizing and applying them, which need to be solved by the joint efforts of the government, enterprises, and academics, and give directions and policy recommendations for the future development of agricultural robots, so as to promote the realization of sustainable agriculture and the transformation and upgrading of agricultural production methods.