种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量与水氮利用效率的影响

谷晓博; 李援农; 黄鹏; 杜娅丹; 方恒; 陈朋朋

doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.10.014

种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量与水氮利用效率的影响

西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院，旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室，杨凌 712100

基金项目: 公益性行业（农业）科研专项资助项目（201503125、201503105）和国家高技术研究发展计划（863 计划）资助项目（2011AA100504）

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2017-11-08
- 修回日期: 2018-02-09
- 发布日期: 2018-05-14

Effects of planting patterns and nitrogen application rates on yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

摘要

摘要: 为确定中国西北地区冬油菜适宜的种植方式及其施氮量，该文通过3 a田间试验，在垄沟集雨（ridge film mulching and furrow planting，RFMF）和传统平作（flat planting，FP）2种种植方式下设置6个施氮量：0、60、120、180、240和300 kg/hm2（以N计，下同），分别记为N0、N60、N120、N180、N240和N300，研究不同种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明，与FP相比，RFMF能显著提高冬油菜收获时的地上部干物质量（aboveground dry matter，ADM）、氮素累积吸收量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率（water use efficiency，WUE）和氮肥偏生产力（nitrogen partial factor productivity，NPFP），并显著降低其耗水量（evapotranspiration，ET）。相同ET下，RFMF方式下冬油菜的籽粒产量和WUE均高于FP。RFMF方式下，在0～240 kg/hm2施氮范围内，冬油菜的ADM、氮素累积吸收量、籽粒产量和WUE均随施氮量的增加而显著增加，超过240 kg/hm2，ADM和氮素累积吸收量不再显著变化，而ET显著增加，籽粒产量和WUE显著降低。2种种植方式下，冬油菜的氮肥农学利用率（nitrogen agronomic efficiency，NAE）、生理利用率（nitrogen physiological efficiency，NPE）和吸收利用率（nitrogen recovery efficiency，NRE）均随施氮量的增加，先增后降，且基本在N180处理最大；冬油菜的NPFP随施氮量的增加而降低。RFMF方式下，N240处理冬油菜的NAE、NPE、NRE和NPFP与N180处理无显著差异；且N240处理冬油菜的籽粒产量和净效益最高，3a平均为3 002 kg/hm2和9 538元/hm2；FP方式下，N180处理冬油菜的籽粒产量和净效益最高，3 a平均为2 291 kg/hm2和7 498元/hm2；2种种植方式的最高产量和净效益相比，RFMF可分别提高31.0%和27.2%。综上，在西北地区RFMF可应用于冬油菜的栽培，且适宜施氮量为240 kg/hm2。
- 肥料 /
- 栽培 /
- 种植方式 /
- 施氮量 /
- 籽粒产量 /
- 水氮利用效率 /
- 冬油菜
Abstract: Abstract: Poor soil conditions and drought stress are 2 main factors restricting the agriculture production in arid and semiarid areas of northwest China. The ridge film mulching and furrow planting (RFMF) cultivation pattern, which employs ridges mulched with plastic film to serve as the runoff area and furrows used as the planting area, has been shown to have the ability of improving soil water availability, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize, wheat and potato. However, the RFMF planting pattern has rarely been tested in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) for yield improvements in areas where soil evaporation is high. A 3-year (2014-2017) field experiment was conducted to determine whether the RFMF cultivation pattern has the potential of improving winter oilseed rape productivity. The optimal nitrogen (N) application rate for the maximum yield of winter oilseed rape under the RFMF cultivation pattern was also determined. Winter oilseed rape was planted in RFMF and flat planting (FP) patterns, both with 6 nitrogen (N) application rates: 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg/hm2, named N0, N60, N120, N180, N240 and N300, respectively. The results showed that compared to FP, RFMF significantly increased aboveground dry matter (ADM) by 14.2%-61.5%, nitrogen accumulation amount by 17.4%-61.3%, seed yield by 15.5%-43.5%, water use efficiency (WUE) by 25.5%-69.6%, nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) by 15.4%-43.0%, and significantly reduced evapotranspiration (ET) by 3.3%-9.9%. It was manifested by linear fitting that seed yield and WUE were much higher in RFMF than in FP cultivation condition when the plants of winter rapeseed consumed same amount of water. ADM, nitrogen accumulation amount, seed yield, and WUE of winter oilseed rape were significantly increased with the increase of N application rates (in the range of 0-240 kg/hm2) under RFMF cultivation condition. The ADM and nitrogen accumulation amount did not vary significantly, while ET increased significantly, and seed yield and WUE reduced significantly when N application rates exceeded 240 kg/hm2. Under both RFMF and FP cultivation conditions, N agronomic efficiency (NAE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N recovery efficiency (NRE) of the winter oilseed rape were all firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of N application rates, and reached the maximum at N180; while the NPFP was consistently decreased with the increase of N application rates. No significant differences of NAE, NPE, NRE and NPFP were found between N240 and N180 under RFMF cultivation condition (P>0.05). The highest yield and net benefits of winter oilseed rape under RFMF and FP cultivation conditions were found in N240 and N180, with the average seed yield of 3 002 and 2 291 kg/hm2, and average net benefits of 9 538 and 7 498 yuan/hm2 across the 3 years, respectively. The highest yield and net benefit in RFMF was improved by 31.0% and 27.2% in comparison to FP. Present study indicated that RFMF cultivation pattern has the potential of improving winter oilseed rape productivity in arid and semiarid regions of northwest China, with the optimal N application rate of 240 kg/hm2.
- fertilizers /
- cultivation /
- planting pattern /
- nitrogen application rate /
- seed yield /
- water and nitrogen use efficiencies /
- winter oilseed rape

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