PAM喷施量与施用方式对风沙土风蚀的影响

白岗栓; 罗东; 苗庆丰; 周楠; 杜社妮

doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.10.011

PAM喷施量与施用方式对风沙土风蚀的影响

白岗栓^1,2,
罗东³,
苗庆丰⁴,
周楠²,
杜社妮^1,2

1.
西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所，杨凌 712100
2.
中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所，杨凌 712100
3.
陕西怡安建设工程有限公司，西安 710021
4.
内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院，呼和浩特 010020

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFC0501602）

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-01-02
- 修回日期: 2020-04-17
- 发布日期: 2020-05-14

Effects of spraying amounts and application methods of polyacrylamide (PAM) on aeolian sandy soil wind erosion

1.
Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
2.
Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
3.
Shaanxi Yi’an Construction Engineering Co.LTD, Xi’an 710021, China
4.
Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010020, China

摘要

摘要: 固定流沙和减少风蚀是一个世界性的难题。PAM（聚丙烯酰胺，polyacrylamide）作为一种线性高分子聚合物，喷洒在土壤表层能形成结皮，能有效抵御风蚀，但喷施PAM溶液的结皮状况及抗风蚀能力与PAM的喷施量及土壤特性等密切相关，且PAM溶液的浓度越大则黏性越强，越不易喷洒。为了探寻PAM防风固沙的适宜喷施量及简便施用方法，该研究以乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘的风沙土为试验材料，以风沙土的风干土及饱和湿土为对照，首先探讨PAM不同喷施量对风干土（风沙土）表层结皮状况、土壤含水率及土壤风蚀量的影响，以寻求PAM的适宜喷施量，然后再将适量的PAM干撒、干撒后喷水和喷施于风干土表层，探寻PAM的简便施用方法。结果表明：1）PAM不同喷施量的结皮覆盖度、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度均随PAM喷施量的增加而增加，均显著高于风干土和饱和湿土；PAM不同喷施量的土壤含水率均高于风干土，且随时间的延续均显著高于饱和湿土；喷施1、2、3和4 g/m2的PAM风蚀量分别为风干土的26.83%、14.10%、13.01%和13.00%，为饱和湿土的28.78%、15.12%、14.02%和13.94%，当PAM喷施量达到2 g/m2时，PAM能有效降低风沙土的风蚀量。2）将2 g/m2的PAM干撒、干撒后喷水和喷施于风干土表层，干撒PAM后喷水和喷施PAM溶液的土壤结皮覆盖度、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度均高于风干土、饱和湿土和干撒PAM，干撒PAM的土壤表层结皮覆盖度低于饱和湿土但高于风干土，结皮厚度和结皮抗剪强度高于风干土及饱和湿土，干撒PAM后喷水及喷施PAM溶液的土壤含水率高于风干土、饱和湿土及干撒PAM，干撒PAM的土壤含水率与风干土基本一致。干撒PAM、干撒PAM后喷水和喷施PAM溶液的风蚀量分别为风干土的53.13%、11.17%和6.35%，为饱和湿土的76.34%、16.05%和9.12%，干撒PAM后喷水的抗风蚀能力接近于风沙土表层喷施PAM溶液。3）由于喷施PAM溶液需消耗大量的水分及人力，建议风沙区可在降雨前将2 g/m2的PAM干撒于土壤表层或干撒后向土壤喷水，可有效减少风蚀量。
- 土壤 /
- 水分 /
- PAM /
- 施用量 /
- 施用方法 /
- 结皮 /
- 风蚀
Abstract: Sandstorm and desertification have posed a worldwide threat to fix quicksand and reduce soil wind erosion for people's living environment. PAM (polyacrylamide), a kind of linear polymer, has been widely used in metallurgy, building materials, paper, mineral processing, oil production, sewage treatment and other industries due to its strong hydration and viscosity, and thereby it is also expected to resist the wind erosion. There is no any toxic effect on soil when spraying PAM solution on the soil surface. The main reason is that the sprayed PAM solution can form hard crust on the soil surface, and then the crust can effectively protect soil from wind erosion. However, the crust condition and wind erosion resistance of PAM are closely related to the PAM application methods, spraying amount and structure of soil. Moreover, high concentration of PAM solution can be a high viscosity, difficult to dissolve or spray, and lead to inconvenient spray on the surface of sand dune or soil. Taking the aeolian sandy soil as test material, this study aims to explore the optimal spraying amount and application method of PAM to prevent wind and fix sand, while reduce water consumption, by tailoring the properties of air-dried soil (aeolian sandy soil) and saturated soil. Specifically, the effects PAM of spraying amounts on surface crust, moisture and soil wind erosion of air-dried soil were investigated to determine the optimal spraying amount of PAM, and then, an optimal amount of PAM was used in the following ways: dry PAM sprinkled, dry PAM sprinkled+spraying water, and spraying PAM solution, to explore a facile method for the application of PAM. The results showed that the soil shear strength, the coverage and thickness of soil crust after PAM treatment increased with the increase of PAM spraying amounts, all of which were significantly higher than that of air-dried soil and saturated soil. The soil moisture after PAM treatment was significantly higher than that of air-dried soil and saturated soil over time. When spraying PAM of 1, 2, 3, and 4 g/m2, the wind erosion were 26.83%, 14.10%, 13.01% and 13.00% of air-dried soil, whereas, 28.78%, 15.12%, 14.02% and 13.94% of saturated soil, respectively. When the spraying amount of PAM reached 2 g/m2, PAM can effectively reduce the wind erosion of aeolian sandy soil. After 2 g/m2 dry PAM sprinkled+spraying water and spraying, the coverage and thickness of soil crust, and soil shear strength were higher than that of air-dried soil, saturated soil and dry PAM sprinkled. In dry PAM sprinkled treatment, the coverage of soil crust was lower than that of saturated soil, but higher than that of air-dried soil, whereas, the thickness of soil crust and soil shear strength were higher than that of air-dried soil and saturated soil. In dry PAM sprinkled+spraying and spraying PAM solution, the soil moisture was higher than that of air-dried soil, saturated soil and dry PAM sprinkled. In dry PAM sprinkled, the soil moisture was basically the same as that of air-dried soil. The soil wind erosion after dry PAM sprinkled, dry PAM sprinkled+spraying water and spraying PAM solution were 53.13%, 11.17% and 6.35%, of air-dried soil, respectively, and 76.34%, 16.05% and 9.12%, of saturated soil, respectively. In the dry PAM sprinkled+spraying water, the resistance of wind erosion was close to that in the spraying PAM solution on the surface of aeolian sandy soil. In order to save water and manpower when preparing and spraying the PAM solution, two measurements were proposed. One is that 2 g/m2 PAM powder can be dry sprinkled on the surface of sand dunes and soil before rain in the wind-sand areas according to weather forecast. Another is, after dry PAM powder sprinkling, the sprayed water on the surface of sand dunes and soil can effectively fix the quicksand and reduce the amount of soil wind erosion.
- soils /
- moisture /
- PAM /
- spraying amount /
- application method /
- crust /
- wind erosion

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