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连栋温室内置喷雾正压通风系统设计与应用

Design and application of a spray-based positive pressure ventilation system for multi-span greenhouses

  • 摘要: 针对装备化连栋温室正压通风降温系统由于湿帘面积受限导致的冷量不足等问题,该研究设计了一套内置喷雾正压通风系统,采用高压喷雾代替湿帘进行蒸发降温,以在有限空间内增加热质交换量。系统由风机组和送风管组成,室外热空气进入机组经内置高压喷雾加湿降温,再由地埋风管送入温室并从天沟下方向跨中水平送风,室内热空气由顶窗排出。为检验内置喷雾正压通风系统的性能,在宁夏吴忠一栋连栋温室内进行系统性能测试,并以内置湿帘正压通风系统及其管控区域为对照进行比较分析。结果表明:1)开启遮阳网配合内置喷雾正压通风系统降温,试验区夏季白天(08:00—18:00)平均气温维持在31.6 ℃以内,比室外低3.5 ℃,比对照区低1.5 ℃;平均空气相对湿度为68%,比室外高40个百分点;平均空气水蒸气饱和压差维持在0.42~1.07 kPa,适宜于作物生长发育。试验区东西方向末端出风口风速分布均匀(标准差:±(0.7~1.0)m/s),南北两端风速相差4.1~6.0 m/s,平均温差达0.5 ℃。2)高温时段(11:00—15:00)内置喷雾正压通风系统与温室内高压喷雾联合降温,试验区日平均气温比室外低2.7~6.8 ℃,与仅运行内置喷雾正压通风系统相比,降温幅度提升0.7~4.2 ℃;联合降温使温室垂直方向环境分布更加均匀,与正压通风系统单独运行相比,温度标准差降低0.2 ℃,湿度标准差降低1.7个百分点。3)内置喷雾正压通风系统处理后的空气与进风口处相比降温10.5 ℃、增湿54个百分点,系统降温效率达98.2%,比对照系统高3个百分点;系统耗电量为5.4~14.6 W/m2,耗水量为0.046~0.076 g/(m2·s)。该研究将为装备化连栋温室正压通风降温系统的性能提升与工程应用提供技术支撑。

     

    Abstract: An integrated system of positive pressure ventilation is often confined to the insufficient cooling for the multi-span greenhouses, due to the limited area of wet pads. In this study, a spray-based system of positive-pressure ventilation was developed to replace the wet pads with high-pressure fogging for evaporative cooling. The heat and mass exchange were enhanced for better cooling performance within limited space. The air conditioning unit and air ducts were combined to draw in ambient air. Then high-pressure fogging was used to cool the delivering air into the greenhouse via underground ducts. The humid and cool air was introduced near the ground using terminal air outlets. While the hot indoor air was discharged via the roof vents. The ventilation system was also tested in a multi-span greenhouse located in Wuzhong, Ningxia, China. A traditional cooling system of wet pad-based positive pressure ventilation was taken as the control. Results showed that: 1) The system with a shading screen maintained the average air temperature below 31.6 ℃ in the experimental area during summer daytime (8:00-18:00), there were 3.5 ℃ and 1.5 ℃ lower than the outdoors and the control area, respectively. The average relative humidity of 68% was 40% higher than that outdoors in the experimental area. Without shading, the vapor pressure deficits (VPD) in the experimental area ranged from 0.42 to 1.07 kPa, and 0.40 to 1.60 kPa lower than the control area. Nevertheless, the airflow velocity at the terminal outlets was uniform in the east-west direction (standard deviation: ±0.7-1.0 m/s) under the positive pressure ventilation. The airflow velocity difference between the north and south ends ranged from 4.1 to 6.0 m/s, with an average temperature difference of 0.5 ℃. Furthermore, the temperature increased vertically, whereas, the humidity decreased with the height; The maximum temperature and humidity differences were 3.7 ℃ and 13.7%, respectively, in the 1-5 m range from the ground. In the tomato canopy height range (1-3 m), the average temperature was 2.8 ℃ lower than that at the top of the greenhouse. As such, the cooling system of positive pressure ventilation effectively and accurately controlled the temperature and humidity. The ventilation system of spray-based positive pressure shared better cooling than the control. 2) The joint cooling was also recommended to combine with the high-pressure misting inside the greenhouse in the high-temperature period (11:00-15:00). The daily average indoor air temperature was 2.7-6.8 ℃ lower than the outdoor temperature. The cooling performance also increased by 0.7-4.2 ℃ in the combined system, compared with the positive pressure ventilation only. There was a more uniform spatial distribution of temperature and humidity in the vertical direction, with the standard deviations decreased by 0.2 ℃ and 1.7%, respectively. In a one-day test (July 16, 2023), the combined cooling of the two systems resulted in the minimum daytime temperature of 27.4 ℃, with a temperature difference of 8 ℃ from the outdoors. 3) The processed air was reduced by 10.5 ℃ with a 54% humidity increase, compared with the inlet. A cooling efficiency of 98% was achieved with the 3 percentage points higher than the control system. The power and water consumption of the system were 5.4-14.6 W/m2 (greenhouse area) and 0.046-0.076 g/(m2·s), respectively, which was positively correlated with the outdoor VPD (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.59). This finding can provide a cooling system for year-round, efficient, and high-quality cultivation under multi-span greenhouses in summer.

     

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