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精准条播与叠盘出苗互作对机插水稻群体均匀度及产量与构成的影响

Effects of the interaction between precision drill sowing and seedling tray overlapping on population uniformity, yield and its composition of machine-transplanted rice

  • 摘要: 提高水稻机插群体的均匀度是提高产量的有效途径。为明确精准条播和叠盘出苗互作对水稻机插群体的均匀度及产量构成的影响,创建机插丰产、均衡群体,该研究以籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为供试品种,设置2个播种量(T1: 36.6 g, T2:73.2 g)、2种播种方式(精准条播(precision drill sowing,PS)和传统撒播(broadcast sowing,BS))、2种秧盘处理方式(叠盘(tray overlapping,OL)和不叠盘(tray nonoverlapping,NL))。通过标准9寸可叠秧盘育秧,机插规格为横向取秧18次,纵向取秧40次。对比不同处理下秧苗素质、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、干物质积累、产量及其构因素的差异。结果表明:(1)叠盘处理显著促进了秧苗素质的提升(P<0.05),精准条播较传统撒播处理的平均秧苗均匀度高19.29个百分点,叠盘较不叠盘处理平均秧苗均匀度高36.61个百分点。(2)精准条播较传统撒播、叠盘较不叠盘处理都显著增加了群体的均匀度(P<0.05),精准条播结合叠盘出苗使移栽期和抽穗期群体的均匀度分别增加了44.21和36.96个百分点;高均匀度群体具有更多的高峰苗数,从而获得更多的有效穗数。(3)精准条播和叠盘处理都增加了群体的叶面积指数和干物质积累量。(4)精准条播结合叠盘处理提高了群体有效穗数而使产量提高,提高播种量能降低传统撒播和不叠盘处理下产量减少的幅度。(5)通过偏最小二乘路径建模(partial least squares path model,PLS-PM)分析可知,叠盘出苗对群体均匀度的直接效应为0.720 9,大于精准条播的0.307 5;群体均匀度对有效穗数和地上部干物质量的直接效应最大,有效穗数和地上部干物质量对产量的直接效应分别达0.986 40.825 0。综上所述,精准条播和叠盘出苗处理可以显著提高秧苗均匀度和水稻机插群体的均匀度(P<0.05),通过提高群体有效穗数和干物质积累量,从而使产量提高。实际生产应用中,当由于技术原因难以使种子分布、发育不均衡时,通过提高播种量可以提高机插群体的均匀度,起到缓解产量损失的作用。

     

    Abstract: The uniform population in the machine-transplanted rice can be expected to effectively improve the grain yield. This study aims to clarify the impact of the interaction between the precise drill sowing and tray overlapping emergence on the uniformity of population and yield composition in machine-transplanted rice. The homogeneous population was also achieved for the high yield. The Indica-japonica hybrid rice ‘Yongyou 1540’ was taken as the test cultivar. The field test was taken as the two sowing rates (T1: 36.6 g, T2: 73.2 g), the precision drill sowing (PS) and traditional broadcast sowing (BS), as well as the tray overlapping (OL) and tray nonoverlapping (NL). The standard 9-inch stackable trays were used to grow seedlings. The machine-inserted samplings were realized into the 18 transverse and 40 longitudinal seedlings. A comparison was also made on the seedling quality, tiller dynamics, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, yield, and its components under different treatments. The results showed that: (1) The tray overlapping significantly promoted the seedling quality (P<0.05). The average seedling evenness of the PS was 19.29 percentage points higher than that of BS. The average seedling evenness of OL was 36.61 percentage points higher than that of the NL. (2) PS significantly increased the uniformity of population, compared with the BS. The OL significantly enhanced the uniformity of the population, compared with the NL treatment (P<0.05). The PS with the OL increased the uniformity of population by 44.21 and 60.31 percentage points at the transplanting and the heading stages, respectively. High-uniformity population shared the highest peak seedling numbers, thereby obtaining more productive panicle numbers. (3) Both precision drilling and OL increased the leaf area index and the dry matter accumulation of the population. (4) The PS with the OL was achieved in the high yield for the greater number of productive panicles in the population. The seeding rate enhanced the yield under the traditional BS and NL treatment. (5) Partial least squares path model analysis (PLS-PM) verified that the direct effect of the OL on the rice population uniformity was 0.720 9, which was greater than 0.307 5 of the precise strip sowing. There was the largest direct effect of the rice population uniformity on the productive panicle numbers and the dry matter weight for the aboveground. The direct effects of the productive panicle numbers and the dry matter weight for the aboveground on the yield reached 0.986 4 and 0.825 0, respectively. Therefore, the PS and OL significantly improved the seedling's evenness and the uniformity of the machine-transplanted rice population (P<0.05). The high yield was obtained to increase the productive panicle numbers and dry matter accumulation of the population. The seed distribution and development were also dependent mainly on the technical reasons in the practical production. The seeding rate improved the uniformity of the machine-transplanted rice population, in order to alleviate the yield losses.

     

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