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氮磷限制型瘠薄粮田高产玉米品种的养分累积与转运特征

Nutrient accumulation and translocation characteristics of high-yield maize varieties in nitrogen and phosphorus co-limited fields

  • 摘要: 探明耐瘠高产型玉米品种在氮磷限制型瘠薄粮田的养分累积与转运特征及产量潜力,为耐瘠高产型玉米品种的优选及养分优化管理提供科学依据。于2022和2023年在氮磷养分瘠薄型土壤上,以10个高产玉米品种为供试材料,设置施肥和不施肥处理进行田间试验。结果表明:根据施肥和不施肥下的玉米平均产量可以将供试品种分为耐瘠高产型(HB)、不耐瘠高产型(HNB)和不耐瘠次高产型(SHNB)3类。在瘠薄土壤不施肥条件下,HB型玉米的产量分别显著高于HNB型和SHNB型16.23%、19.66%(2022年)和45.33%、52.36%(2023年),总的氮磷钾累积量也均明显高于HNB和SHNB型品种。2 a间在不施肥条件下,与HNB型和SHNB型品种相比,HB型品种花后氮素累积量分别显著提高了38.22%~54.99%和57.34%~82.00%,花后磷素累积量分别显著提高了76.19%~106.31%和105.56%~317.60%,花后钾素累积量分别显著提高了29.77%~66.12%和63.46%~84.40%,但是3类品种的花前氮磷转运量没有明显差异。在施肥条件下,HB型品种的上述指标与HNB型品种没有显著差异,但均显著高于SHNB型品种。进一步对其养分累积吸收特征进行分析发现,HB型品种的相对氮磷钾累积量优势明显,表现出较强的养分获取能力,氮、磷、钾素最大累积速率也明显高。由此可见,在氮磷养分瘠薄型土壤上,HB型品种花后养分的吸收累积能力表现出明显优势,这一方面保证了HB型品种整个生育时期可以吸收积累更多的养分,提高养分利用效率;另一方面花后较强的养分吸收累积能力为玉米籽粒灌浆期间的营养需求提供了重要保证,从而为产量形成奠定了基础。该结果同时也说明HB型品种(美抗1T、科恩702、华皖261)具有良好的耐瘠薄能力和节肥潜力,是适宜于氮磷养分瘠薄型中低产田上兼具高产和养分资源高效的双高品种。

     

    Abstract: The objective of this study is to elucidate the nutrient accumulation and translocation, as well as the yield potential of the barren-tolerant and high-yielding maize varieties. The field experiments were conducted in N and P co-limited fields in 2022 and 2023. The 10 high-yielding maize varieties were taken as the tested materials. The treatments were set with fertilization and no fertilization. The results indicated that the varieties were classified into three types: barren-tolerant and high-yielding type (HB), barren-intolerant and high-yielding type (HNB), and barren-intolerant and sub-high-yielding type (SHNB), according to the average maize yield under fertilization and no fertilization. Under non-fertilized conditions, the yield of HB-type maize was significantly higher than that of the HNB and SHNB types by 16.23% and 19.66% in 2022, and 45.33% and 52.36% in 2023, respectively. Additionally, the total accumulation values of N, P, and K were all greater in the HB, compared with the HNB and SHNB varieties. The post-anthesis N accumulation of the HB varieties significantly increased by 38.22% to 54.99% and 57.34% to 82.00%, respectively, under no fertilization for two consecutive years; The post-anthesis P accumulation significantly increased by 76.19% to 106.31% and 105.56% to 317.60%, respectively; and the post-anthesis K accumulation significantly increased by 29.77% to 66.12% and 63.46% to 84.40%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the pre-anthesis N and P translocation among the three types of varieties. Under fertilization conditions, the indicators of the HB varieties shared no significant difference, compared with the HNB varieties, but they were significantly higher than those of the SHNB varieties. Their nutrient accumulation revealed that the HB varieties shared the outstanding advantage in the relative N, P, and K accumulation, indicating the strong capacity for nutrient acquisition. The maximum accumulation rates of N, P, and K were also significantly higher than before. These findings demonstrated that the HB varieties exhibited a pronounced superiority in the post-anthesis nutrient uptake and accumulation capacity in N- and P-deficient soils. The robust nutrient assimilation facilitated greater nutrient absorption and accumulation in the entire growth period, thereby enhancing the nutrient use efficiency. An ample supply of nutrients was realized during the critical grain-filling phase of maize, which was beneficial to the yield formation. In conclusion, HB maize shared an excellent capacity for tolerance and potential for fertilizer saving. The HB variety with its high yield and efficient nutrient utilization was suitable for the N and P co-limited fields. The finding can provide a scientific basis for the optimal selection of maize varieties and nutrient management.

     

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