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基于氮平衡和作物高产高效的畜禽粪肥农田承载力估算

Estimating farmland bearing capacity of animal manure for nitrogen balance, high yield and efficiency of crops

  • 摘要: 有机肥配施比例是畜禽粪便农田承载力核算中的关键参数,如何确定适宜的配施比例协同实现作物高产高效,是亟需解决的问题。该研究整理了388篇中外文文献3 699条试验数据,采用Meta分析方法,解析有机肥配施处理对农作物产量与农田氮利用效率的影响机制,优化出各类农作物的适宜有机肥配施比例,并估算2018—2022年中国31个省市区畜禽粪便农田承载力指数与养殖增量。结果表明:1)玉米、蔬菜、水稻、小麦、水果、茶叶和其他作物的农田氮利用效率分别为8.30%~95.61%、0.78%~137.45%、7.05%~70.70%、0.68%~45.88%、0.10%~26.31%、0.06%~3.23%和1.01%~146.50%。2)当有机肥配施比例0~35.0%时,有机无机肥配施技术能协同提高主要农作物的农田氮利用效率与产量。3) 2018—2022年中国畜禽粪便农田承载力指数和畜禽养殖增量分别为0.34~0.38和2.83×109~3.08×109 头(以猪当量计)。其中河南、黑龙江、内蒙古、山东、河北和吉林6个省份的畜禽养殖增量占全国总增量的53.8%,呈现明显的华北地区和东北地区聚集效应。该研究强化了畜禽粪便农田承载力中关键参数的理论依据,促进区域种养业深度融合与绿色发展。

     

    Abstract: Green planting and breeding cycle are often required for the pilot work in the high-quality, resource-saving and environment-friendly agricultural ecosystem. Among them, the farmland bearing capacity of animal manure is one of the most key indexes for the appropriate matching at regional breeding scale and scientific return of manure. One of the key parameters, the combined application rate of organic fertilizer can be used to calculate the farmland bearing capacity of animal manure. It is very urgent to determine the optimal rates of the combined application in the balance of planting and breeding, particularly for the high yield and efficiency of crops. Therefore, this study aims to establish a database of 388 international literatures with 3 699 experimental data of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. A meta-analysis was then implemented to explore the effect of the combined organic and inorganic fertilizers on the crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency. An optimal application proportion of the combined organic and inorganic fertilizers was determined for the different kinds of crops; Furthermore, a systematic estimation was performed on the available supply of manure and nitrogen, the available amount of manure and nitrogen, as well as the farmland bearing capacity of animal manure and the increment of animal breeding in 31 provinces and cities in China from 2018 to 2022. The results showed that: 1) There were the significant differences in the nitrogen use efficiency among different crops. The nitrogen use efficiency of maize, vegetables, rice, wheat, fruit, tea and the rest crops, were 8.30%-95.61%, 0.78%-137.45%, 7.05%-70.70%, 0.68%-45.88%, 0.10%-26.31%, 0.06%-3.23% and 1.01%-146.50%, respectively. The average value was also ranked in the descending order of the rest crops (40.6%) > maize(37.1%) > vegetables (30.6%) > rice (30.0%) > wheat (14.6%) > fruits (5.0%) > tea (0.7%). There was the great variation in the nitrogen use efficiency of the different crops. The quartile distance was ranked in the descending order of the rest crops (41.5%) > vegetables (32.6%) > maize (19.8%) > wheat (11.7%) > rice (10.9%) > fruits (4.2%) > tea (0.6%). 2) There was the different effect of combined organic and inorganic fertilizers on the nitrogen use efficiency and yield. The farmland nitrogen use efficiency was changed from positive to negative with the increase of the proportion of the organic fertilizer. The yield value was mainly positive; In the case of the combined application at very low (0-5%) or very high (95%-100%) ratio, the yield value was negative. One the application rate of the organic fertilizer was 0-35%, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers was synergistically improved the nitrogen use efficiency and yield of main crops. 3) The farmland bearing capacity index of animal manure was relatively stable in China from 2018 to 2022, with a range of 0.34-0.38. Among them, Beijing and Tibet shared the relatively high values, while Heilongjiang Province was relatively low. Animal breeding increment was fluctuated in China from 2018 to 2022, with the minimum of 2.83×109 in 2018 and the maximum of 3.08×109 in 2020, with a five-year average of 2.97×109. In spatial distribution, the hot spots were found in the North and Northeast China; The increment of animal breeding in Henan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Hebei and Jilin provinces was accounted for 53.8% of the total increment of the country, indicating an outstanding regional agglomeration. The key parameters can be expected to calculate the farmland bearing capacity of animal manure in the supplements the current standard NY/T 3877-2021. The finding can also provide the theoretical foundation for the scientific application of animal manure in the sustainable development of regional breeding industry.

     

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