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农产品和食品中黄曲霉毒素检测与阻控技术研究现状及展望

Research status and prospect of the detection, prevention and control techniques for aflatoxins in agricultural products and food

  • 摘要: 黄曲霉毒素是由黄曲霉、寄生曲霉等在自然条件下产生的次生代谢产物,是迄今发现毒性最强,致癌风险最高的一类真菌毒素,其污染范围覆盖花生、玉米、稻米、坚果等110多种农产品和食品,严重威胁粮食安全、食品安全和人民生命健康。该文介绍了黄曲霉毒素的种类和毒性,全面评述了其检测技术与污染防控的研究进展,并展望了黄曲霉毒素智慧检测与源头阻控的应用前景和潜力。在检测技术方面,传统检测方法如高效液相色谱、液相色谱-质谱联用等因其准确性和可靠性被广泛使用;新兴快速检测技术如免疫层析试纸条、纳米材料增强生物传感等方法,检测灵敏度高,简便快捷,为现场筛查提供了关键技术支撑。黄曲霉毒素防控贯穿农产品从田间种植到储运加工全链条,收获前可通过选育抗性品种、施用功能微生物菌剂及优化种植管理等抑制黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒,产后环节利用物理、化学、生物法等对黄曲霉毒素进行阻控减控,其中功能生物菌剂源头阻控黄曲霉菌成为研究热点。未来通过融合智能检测技术如基于物联网传感器、人工智能驱动预警与源头阻控技术如花生大豆诱导固氮提质增产生物耦合技术,实现更精准、高效、可持续的黄曲霉毒素控制,是促进微生物、土壤、化学和食品等多学科交叉协同创新和保障农产品食品安全的有力途径。该综述为开展黄曲霉毒素检测与阻控技术的进一步研究提供参考。

     

    Abstract: Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites that are predominantly produced by fungi, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus under natural conditions. As the most toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins up to now, the aflatoxins can contaminate over 110 types of agricultural foods and foods, such as peanuts, corn, rice, and nuts. The aflatoxins have posed significant threats to global grain security, food safety, and human health. This review aims to outline the research status and prospect of aflatoxins detection, prevention, and control in agricultural products and food. Firstly, a concise overview was performed on the classification and toxicity of aflatoxins. Then a systematic summary was presented of the recent advances in the detection and control technologies of aflatoxin contamination. Finally, the potential applications of aflatoxin contamination were proposed for the smart monitoring and prevention or mitigation strategies from the source. Conventional technologies with large instruments and equipment were widely used in aflatoxins detection, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), due to their high accuracy and reliability in the laboratory. Meanwhile, the emerging techniques of aflatoxin detection offered high sensitivity, simplicity, and portability, such as immunochromatographic test strips, immuno-fluorescence techniques, and nanomaterial-enhanced biosensors. The main tools were then served for many kinds of fields, such as harvest, transport, and process. Particularly, they were also valuable for the large-scale screening and real-time monitoring in the on-site test, due to the cost and time saving. In the aflatoxin contamination prevention and control, integrated approaches were often required for the planting, harvest, storage, and transportation. At the pre-harvest stage, the breeding strategy was applied for the disease resistance in the crop varieties for the functional microbial inoculants. The agronomic practices were then optimized to inhibit Aspergillus flavus colonization and aflatoxins production. Post-harvest interventions were also proposed to prevent and control aflatoxin contamination, such as the physical (e.g., proper drying and storage, γ-ray irradiation, high pressure, and adsorption removal), the chemical (e.g., ozone treatment, strong oxidant, alkali treatment), and the biologicals (e.g., microbial adsorption, microbial detoxification and enzymic degradation). Among them, the biological approaches gained much more attention, especially for the functional microbial inoculants control from source, due to the high efficiency, environmental compatibility, and sustainability to decrease the toxic fungi from source, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Research development direction and trend were also fully considered over the various techniques. The future research interests were also focused on integrating intelligent detection and early warning technologies with source prevention and control strategies. Smart monitoring and early warning technologies (e.g., highly sensitive sensors with the internet of things, artificial intelligence-driven early warning of aflatoxins contamination) and source control technology (e.g., the bio-coupling technology between aflatoxins prevention and inducing peanut and soybean nitrogen fixation for quality improvement and yield increase) can be expected to achieve a more precise, efficient, and sustainable aflatoxins control, prevention, and management. Interdisciplinary collaboration in microbiology, soil environment science, chemistry, and food can be essential to drive innovation in aflatoxins detection and prevention. These advancements can also provide key technical support for agricultural products and food safety in sustainable agricultural industries.

     

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