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夏玉米免耕播种切拨组合式苗带清茬装置设计与试验

Design and experiment of a cutting and shifting combined stubble cleaning device for summer maize no-tillage sowing seedling belt

  • 摘要: 针对黄淮海地区小麦残茬秸秆量大,导致玉米播种易发生堵塞,限制作业速度提升的问题,该研究提出一种“切、拨、松、导、压”组合式苗带清茬方法,设计一种适于夏玉米免耕播种的切拨组合式苗带清茬条耕机单体,通过开沟圆盘滚切破茬、拨茬圆盘拨动分茬、压茬圆盘导流压茬的协同作业,解决夏玉米高速播种作业条件下苗带秸秆清理难题。分析清茬轮夹角、导流轮开合角等关键参数对秸秆清理效果的影响,明确各关键参数的取值范围,并开展EDEM-ADAMS模拟试验,探究不同齿盘组合条件下清茬单体作业过程中秸秆运动轨迹、土壤翻动特性及秸秆清除率的变化规律。结果表明,各试验因素对大田秸秆清除率的影响显著性由大到小依次为清茬轮夹角、机具前进速度、导流轮开合角。确定了最优组合参数为:机具前进速度12 km/h、导流轮开合角6°、清茬轮夹角47°,此参数组合下秸秆清除率为95.08%。基于此参数组合开展田间验证试验,结果显示苗带秸秆清除率超过95%,与仿真试验结果基本一致,实现了苗带清茬的设计目标。

     

    Abstract: The Huang-Huai-Hai region boasts a large area of farmland under wheat-maize rotation. With the extensive promotion of conservation tillage technology in this region, a substantial quantity of straw and root stubble residues remain in the field after wheat harvesting. Aiming at the problem that the large amount wheat straw stubble in this region easily causes blockage during maize no-till sowing restricts the improvement of machine operating speed, this study proposes a combined seedbed stubble cleaning method integrating "cutting, shifting, loosening, guidingand pressing", and designs a cutting-shifting combined seedbed stubble cleaning strip-till unit suitable for summer maize no-till sowing. By means of furrow opener discs for rolling cutting and stubble breaking, stubble shifting discs for shifting and separating stubble, and stubble pressing discs for guiding and pressing stubble, the unit solves the problem of seedbed straw cleaning under the condition of high speed summer maize sowing.. The unit innovatively adopts front-mounted three point straw cutting structure, which can quickly cut the straw in the seedbed at first during operation. Through the staggered outward turning stubble cleaning wheel structure, efficient removal of straw in the seedbed is realized. Symmetrically arranged deflector wheels with adjustable opening closing angles on both sides of the subsoiling shovel effectively control the disturbance range of cultivated soil during operation, and at the same time can effectively crush the turned soil to form fine soil backfilling. The unique tooth profile design of the deflector wheels can press the straw at the edge of the seedbed into the soil to form a straw barrier around the seedbed, thus effectively reducing straw backfill into the seedbed.This study analyzes the influence of parameters such as the included angle of stubble cleaning wheels and the opening closing angle of deflector wheels on the straw cleaning effect, and determines the value ranges of each key parameter. EDEM-ADAMS simulation tests are carried out to analyze the variation laws of straw movement trajectory, soil disturbance characteristics and straw removal rate during the operation of the stubble cleaning unit under different toothed disc combinations. The results show that the order of influence of test factors on the field straw removal rate from largest to smallest is the radial included angle of stubble cleaning wheels, forward speed, and opening angle of guide wheels. When the machine forward speed is 12 km/h, the opening angle of guide wheels is 6.3°, and the radial included angle of stubble cleaning wheels is 47.26°, the maximum straw removal rate reaches 95.1%. Restricted by the preparation accuracy of the sample mechanism, accuracy adaptation treatment was carried out on the high precision parameters obtained from simulation analysis. A parameter combination with machine forward speed of 12 km/h, deflector wheel opening-closing angle of 6° and stubble cleaning wheel included angle of 47° was selected for simulation tests. Under this condition, the straw clearance rate reaches 95.08%, and all indicators meet the design requirements. Field tests on the combined operation performance of each component of the seedbed stubble cleaning strip-till machine were conducted. The field test results show that the strip-tiller machine performs well in various environments, and the prepared seedbed meets the growth needs of maize. At an operating speed of 12 km/h, the seedbed stubble cleaning width of the strip-till machine is 30 cm, and the straw clearance rate reaches 95%, which is basically consistent with the simulation results. The test results indicate that under high speed operation conditions, sowing in the seedbed treated by the seedbed stubble cleaning device can effectively ensure the uniformity of sowing depth, keep the sowing depth basically consistent,improve land flatness, and provide favorable conditions for maize growth. This paper provides new ideas and methods for the design of stubble cleaning mechanisms for no-till sowing, which is of great significance for field management in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and has ecological value for cultivated land protection.

     

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