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装备化正压通风降温系统在连栋温室的应用

Equipping multi-span greenhouses with a positive-pressure ventilation and cooling system

  • 摘要: 大型连栋温室应用传统负压湿帘风机降温存在气温分布均匀性差、破坏生产空间整体性等问题,而现有采用空气处理走廊的正压通风系统集成度低、管控难度大。针对上述问题,设计了一套装备化正压通风降温系统。系统主要包括设备间、正压湿帘冷暖风机组(三面进风)、通风管道及控制系统等,其降温过程气流组织方式为:室外空气由外侧窗进入设备间,经风机组内湿帘蒸发降温后,通过通风管道送入温室并从地面出风,同时温室内热空气由顶开窗排出。在山东寿光一栋连栋玻璃温室内,对该系统降温效果与性能进行试验测试,并分析其与温室内高压喷雾联合运行下的降温均匀性。结果表明:在夏季高温时段(10:00−16:00),装备化正压通风降温系统配合遮阳网可将连栋温室内日平均气温控制在28.4~32.5 ℃,比室外低0.8~3.8 ℃,同时室内空气日平均水蒸气饱和压差维持在0.87~1.33 kPa。系统末端出风口在温室栽培区均匀分布,出风口风速为7.7~13.3 m/s(标准差1.9 m/s)。在降温工况下,室内气温在水平方向上分布均匀,标准差为0.4 ℃;在垂直方向上,随高度增加室内气温总体呈升高趋势,温度梯度达0.76 ℃/m,番茄冠层范围与温室顶部温差达3.1 ℃。与温室内高压喷雾联合降温可实现立体降温效果,垂直方向气温梯度降至0.5 ℃/m。测试期间温室实际比通风量为0.014 m/s,系统降温耗电量为15.2 W/m2,对温室的平均供冷量为144.2 W/m2,系统能效比达9.5,并可获得2.1 ℃的室内外平均温差(08:30−17:30);同时,系统总体降温效率达95.9%,蒸发降温日均耗水量为0.033~0.065 g/(m2·s)。与负压湿帘风机相比,装备化正压通风降温系统达成相同温室降温幅度所需比通风量更小,且降温均匀性和降温效率更高;与空气走廊式正压通风系统相比,该系统在送风距离方面具有优势,但能耗较高。该研究为连栋温室机械通风降温、基于正压通风的温室环境综合调控及半封闭温室设计建造提供了新型高效技术装备。

     

    Abstract: Multi-span greenhouses have been widely used in recent years. Conventional negative pressure fan-pad cooling has suffered from the low uniformity of indoor air temperature and the integrity of the cultivation area. Existing positive pressure ventilation with the air-handling corridor is also limited to low integration and difficult to control. In this study, a packaged positive pressure ventilation and cooling system was designed for highly efficient and quality crop production in the multi-span greenhouses during warm seasons. This system consisted of an equipment room, a combined air conditioning unit with three-sided air intake, ventilation ducts, and a control module. It can be further extended with heat sources and a water recirculating system, enabling integrated greenhouse climate conditioning based on positive pressure ventilation. The procedure of the air flows during cooling was as follows: The outdoor air entered the equipment room via outer vents, evaporative cooling in the air conditioning unit, and the air was conveyed into the greenhouse via underground ducts, while warm air was exhausted under roof vents. Field tests were conducted in Shouguang, Shandong Province, China. The results showed that the cooling system with the external shading screen maintained the daily mean air temperature between 28.4 and 32.5 ℃, which was 0.8 to 3.8 ℃ lower than the outdoor temperature during the peak temperature hours (10:00-16:00) in summer. The vapor pressure deficit of the indoor air averaged 0.87-1.33 kPa during operation. The daily mean relative humidity ranged from 62% to 80%, 17-29 percentage points higher than outdoors. The air was uniformly distributed over the cultivation area at the terminal air outlets. The airflow was also delivered at the velocities of 7.7-13.3 m/s, with the uniformity (standard deviation) of 1.9 m/s. In horizontal, the uniformity of air temperature reached 0.4 ℃ inside the greenhouse under the supply air condition. Vertically, the air temperature increased with height, with a temperature gradient of 0.76 ℃/m, and a 3.1 ℃ difference between the tomato canopy and the greenhouse roof. The high-pressure fogging system was installed inside the greenhouse. A three-dimensional cooling performance was achieved to reduce the vertical temperature gradient to 0.5 ℃/m. The designed specific ventilation rate of the greenhouse was 0.028 m/s for cooling purposes. The actual ventilation rate and system power consumption were 0.014 m/s and 15.2  W/m2, respectively, during the test. The good performance was achieved in the average cooling capacity of 144.2 W/m2 in the greenhouse, an energy efficiency ratio of 9.5, and an average indoor–outdoor air temperature difference of 2.1 ℃ (08:30–17:30). The overall cooling efficiency reached 95.9%. The daily average water consumption rate ranged from 0.033 to 0.065 g/(m2·s) for evaporative cooling. Compared with the negative pressure fan-pad cooling system, the proposed packaged positive pressure ventilation and cooling system requires a lower specific ventilation rate to achieve the same greenhouse cooling amplitude, while exhibiting superior cooling uniformity and efficiency. In comparison with the air-handling corridor based positive pressure ventilation system, the proposed system offers a longer air supply distance, though with relatively higher energy consumption. This finding can provide an efficient mechanical ventilation solution for cooling multi-span greenhouses and support the design of semi-closed greenhouses.

     

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