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装备化正压通风降温系统在连栋温室的应用

Implementation of a packaged positive pressure ventilation and cooling system in multi-span greenhouses

  • 摘要: 大型连栋温室应用传统负压湿帘风机降温存在气温分布均匀性差、破坏生产空间整体性等问题,而现有采用空气处理走廊的正压通风系统集成度低、管控难度大。针对上述问题,该研究设计了一套装备化正压通风降温系统,以在高温季节保障连栋温室高效、优质生产。系统主要包括设备间、正压湿帘冷暖风机组(三面进风)、通风管道及控制系统等,其降温过程气流组织方式为:室外空气由外侧窗进入设备间,经风机组内湿帘蒸发降温后,通过通风管道送入温室并从地面出风,温室内热空气由顶开窗排出。在山东寿光对该系统降温效果与性能及其与温室内高压喷雾联合降温均匀性进行试验测试,结果表明:在夏季高温时段(10:00−16:00),装备化正压通风降温系统配合遮阳网可将连栋温室内日平均气温控制在28.4~32.5 ℃,比室外低0.8~3.8 ℃。同时,系统运行条件下室内空气日平均水蒸气饱和压差维持在0.87~1.33 kPa;日平均相对湿度为62%~80%,比室外高17~29个百分点。系统末端出风口在温室栽培区均匀分布,出风口风速为7.7~13.3 m/s(标准差±1.9 m/s)。在降温工况下,室内气温在水平方向上分布均匀,标准差为±0.4 ℃。在垂直方向上,随高度增加室内气温总体呈升高趋势,温度梯度达0.76 ℃/m,番茄冠层范围与温室顶部温差达3.1 ℃。与温室内高压喷雾联合降温可实现立体降温效果,垂直方向气温梯度降至0.5 ℃/m。温室降温设计比通风量为0.028 m/s;测试期间温室实际比通风量为0.014 m/s,系统降温耗电量为15.2 W/m2,对温室的平均供冷量为144.2 W/m2,系统能效比达9.5,并可获得2.1 ℃的室内外平均温差(08:30−17:30)。系统总体降温效率达95.9%,蒸发降温日均耗水量为0.033~0.065 g/(m2·s)。与负压湿帘风机相比,装备化正压通风降温系统达成相同温室降温幅度所需比通风量更小,降温均匀性和降温效率更高;与空气走廊式正压通风系统相比,其在送风距离方面具有优势,但能耗较高。该研究为连栋温室机械通风降温、基于正压通风的温室环境综合调控及半封闭温室设计建造提供了新型高效技术装备。

     

    Abstract: In large multi-span greenhouses, the traditional negative pressure fan-pad cooling system suffers from poor uniformity of indoor air temperature and disrupts the integrity of the cultivation area, whereas existing positive pressure ventilation systems using the air-handling corridor exhibit low integration and are difficult to control. To overcome these limitations, this study designs a packaged positive pressure ventilation and cooling system to ensure efficient and high-quality crop production in multi-span greenhouses during warm seasons. The system consists of an equipment room, a combined air conditioning unit with three-sided air intake, ventilation ducts, and a control module. It can be further extended with heat sources and a water recirculating system, enabling integrated greenhouse climate conditioning based on positive pressure ventilation. The air flows during the cooling process are as follows: outdoor air enters the equipment room through outer vents, undergoes evaporative cooling in the air conditioning unit, and is conveyed into the greenhouse via underground ducts, while warm air is exhausted through roof vents. Field tests conducted in Shouguang, Shandong province, revealed that during the peak temperature hours (10:00-16:00) in summer, the system together with the external shading screen maintained the daily mean greenhouse air temperature between 28.4 and 32.5 ℃, which was 0.8 to 3.8 ℃ lower than the outdoor temperature. When the system was in operation, the vapor pressure deficit of the indoor air averaged 0.87-1.33 kPa, and the daily mean relative humidity ranged from 62% to 80%, 17–29 percentage points higher than outdoors. The terminal air outlets, uniformly distributed across the cultivation area, delivered airflow at velocities of 7.7–13.3 m/s, achieving a uniformity (standard deviation) of ±1.9 m/s. Under this supply air condition, horizontal air temperature uniformity inside the greenhouse reached ±0.4 ℃. Vertically, air temperature increased with height, exhibiting a gradient of 0.76 ℃/m, with a 3.1 ℃ difference between the tomato canopy and the greenhouse roof. When combined with the high-pressure fogging system installed inside the greenhouse, a three-dimensional cooling effect was achieved, reducing the vertical temperature gradient to 0.5 ℃/m. The designed specific ventilation rate of the greenhouse for cooling purposes was 0.028 m/s. During the test, the actual ventilation rate and system power consumption were 0.014 m/s and 15.2  W/m2, respectively, yielding an average cooling capacity of 144.2 W/m2 to the greenhouse, an energy efficiency ratio of 9.5, and an average indoor–outdoor air temperature difference of 2.1 ℃ (08:30–17:30). The overall cooling efficiency reached 95.9%, with the daily average of the water consumption rate for evaporative cooling ranging from 0.033 to 0.065 g/(m2·s). Compared with the negative pressure fan-pad cooling system, the proposed packaged positive pressure ventilation and cooling system requires a lower specific ventilation rate to achieve the same greenhouse cooling amplitude, while exhibiting superior cooling uniformity and efficiency. In comparison with the air-handling corridor based positive pressure ventilation system, it offers a longer air supply distance, though with relatively higher energy consumption. This research provides a novel and high-efficiency mechanical ventilation solution for cooling multi-span greenhouses and designing semi-closed greenhouses.

     

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