Abstract: The catalytic conversion of syngas (CO+H₂) to low-carbon alcohols (C₂₊ alcohols) is a core technology in C1 chemistry, which is of great strategic significance for alleviating the global energy crisis, realizing the clean and efficient utilization of coal and natural gas, supporting the achievement of China’s “dual carbon” goals, and promoting the resource utilization of agricultural wastes. This technology features high atomic economy and low carbon dioxide emissions, which is highly compatible with the development concept of green carbon science and the recycling of agricultural and forestry wastes. This paper systematically reviews the recent research progress in this field, focusing on the in-depth analysis of reaction mechanisms and the development of high-efficiency catalysts. At the mechanism level, the synergistic effect of bifunctional active sites dominates the adsorption and conversion pathways of CO, in which dissociative adsorption sites promote carbon chain growth while non-dissociative adsorption sites facilitate the formation of oxygen-containing intermediates. Alkali metal promoters (Li, Na, K, etc.) and key process parameters (H₂/CO ratio, reaction temperature, pressure) can effectively regulate the generation of key intermediates and the distribution of target products. In the catalyst development field, Mo-based, Rh-based, modified methanol synthesis, modified Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and Cu-based bimetallic catalysts have formed a multi-system parallel development pattern. Through component regulation, structural design (core-shell, confinement structures) and promoter modification, the CO conversion rate, C₂⁺ alcohol selectivity and catalyst stability have been significantly improved. In terms of industrial application, breakthroughs have been made in single-tube tests, 100-ton pilot-scale experiments and 1000-ton industrial side-line demonstrations, with Cu-based catalysts achieving CO conversion over 85% and C₂₊ alcohol selectivity above 70%, and Mo-based catalysts maintaining stable operation for up to 1700 hours. Techno-economic analysis shows that green hydrogen accounts for 58%～83% of the total production cost, while non-noble metal catalysts reduce the preparation cost by 30%～50% compared with noble metal catalysts; the coupling with agricultural waste gasification can increase the system energy efficiency to 43.0% and bring significant greenhouse gas emission reduction benefits. Despite the above progress, the technology still faces prominent challenges, including the difficulty in synchronously improving CO conversion and C₂₊ alcohol selectivity, harsh high-temperature and high-pressure reaction conditions, insufficient catalyst stability, and weak adaptability to agricultural application scenarios. Future research priorities should be placed on the precise design of non-noble metal catalysts suitable for agricultural waste-derived syngas, atomic-level mechanism analysis via in-situ characterization and DFT calculations, process optimization coupling agricultural carbon sequestration and green hydrogen, and large-scale engineering verification. These efforts will break the technical barriers between basic research and agricultural engineering applications, accelerate the industrialization of syngas-to-low-carbon-alcohol technology, and provide strong support for clean energy production, carbon circular economy and the resource utilization of agricultural wastes.