Abstract: This review systematically synthesized the impacts of agrivoltaics (agri-PV) on agricultural sustainability and clarified the multidimensional synergies and trade-offs among environmental, economic, and social effects. A bibliometric analysis and a systematic review were conducted on Chinese and international studies published from 2005 to 2025. Evidence from field observations, model simulations, and case studies was further synthesized to compare major research themes, representative system configurations, contextual conditions, and sustainability effects. The synthesis also examined how engineering configuration, crop characteristics, regional climate, and project operation influenced the reported sustainability effects. The results showed that agrivoltaic systems could be categorized into four representative configurations: low-mounted full-coverage, elevated gap-coverage, inter-row vertical, and greenhouse-integrated systems. The bibliometric analysis indicated that research attention has gradually expanded from technical feasibility toward multidimensional environmental, economic, and social effects. Environmentally, photovoltaic module configuration altered farmland light and hydrothermal conditions and was associated with changes in soil properties, crop responses, and biological communities. The direction and magnitude of these effects varied with climate, crop type, and engineering configuration, indicating strong context dependence. Economically, agrivoltaic land sharing showed potential to improve land-use efficiency under suitable conditions, while agricultural output, electricity revenue, and additional engineering costs jointly shaped project performance and created trade-offs among production and economic objectives. Socially, the effects involved livelihood benefits, farmer participation, and social acceptance, and varied with project development and operation modes as well as benefit-sharing arrangements. Taken together, the evidence indicated that the sustainability performance of agrivoltaics was shaped by interactions among engineering configuration, agricultural production requirements, regional environmental conditions, and project organization. Overall, agricultural sustainability in agrivoltaic systems was characterized by coordination and trade-offs among agricultural production functions, environmental effects, economic feasibility, and social impacts. An integrated environment-economy-society analytical framework was therefore developed to organize the evidence and support comparisons across regions and system configurations. The review further identified four research priorities: strengthening cross-scale analysis linking photovoltaic configuration, farmland environment, and crop production; extending long-term observations and life-cycle environmental assessments; advancing agri-PV coordination through dynamic tracking, light transmission and spectral regulation, sensing and intelligent control, precision irrigation, and machinery application; and strengthening socioeconomic and integrated-effect analysis across development and benefit-sharing arrangements. These directions provide a basis for improving the comparability and applicability of future research. The findings can support agrivoltaic engineering design, configuration selection, long-term operation and management, and maintenance of agricultural production functions, thereby providing scientific evidence for better coordination between agricultural production and photovoltaic energy use under different regional and engineering conditions.