Abstract: As a spatial carrier of adaptive agricultural typologies in the context of typical karst landforms, the comprehensive land consolidation and rational development of characteristic agricultural land in rocky desertification mountainous areas serve as crucial pathways and key strategies for enriching farmers, enhancing ecological greening, and strengthening agriculture in out-of-poverty regions under the "Greater Food" approach. Based on the perspective of human-earth coupling, this paper systematically elaborates on the scientific connotation, utilization resilience, development orientation, consolidation models, and safeguard pathways of characteristic agricultural land in rocky desertification mountainous areas. The results indicate that: (1) The rational development and utilization of such land is an effective approach to resolve emerging human-earth contradictions, such as rural population out-migration and localized farmland abandonment, while promoting the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries and the sustainability of ecological patterns. (2) Characteristic agricultural land in rocky desertification areas possesses a unique three-dimensional hierarchical utilization structure and semi-natural ecological-economic composite functions. It is necessary to enhance the system resilience of characteristic agricultural development through a synergistic transmission mechanism involving regional-scale overall coordination, watershed-scale linked planning, and plot-scale comprehensive consolidation. (3) At the current stage, a series of resource development and utilization models have been formed locally—focusing on spatial composite utilization, industrial circular development, characteristic variety cultivation, comprehensive land consolidation, and habitat suitability improvement—which have consolidated the safety baseline of characteristic agricultural land and improved the supply capacity of characteristic agricultural products. (4) Oriented towards the strategic objectives of the new era and the demands for the high-quality development of characteristic agriculture, there is an urgent need to conduct research and development on key comprehensive consolidation technologies, including potential assessment, development allocation, and utilization synergy. Furthermore, innovative policy safeguards and pathways tailored to the rational development and utilization of these resources must be established. Overall, addressing the key scientific questions of "where the potential lies, how to develop it, and how to utilize it" regarding characteristic agricultural land in rocky desertification areas not only promotes the innovation of theoretical foundations and engineering practices in agricultural geography, but also provides scientific and technological support for facilitating human-earth coupled development in fragile ecological regions.