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不同机采棉种植模式和种植密度对棉田土壤水热效应及产量的影响

Effects of different machine-harvested cotton planting patterns and planting densities on soil hydrothermal conditions and cotton yield

  • 摘要: 新疆机采棉生产中农机农艺的不融合是导致棉花纤维品质下降和采净率低的主要原因,优化机采棉株行距配置是实现农机农艺融合的重要途径。该研究于2018-2019年进行了"矮密早"(1膜6行,66+10 cm宽窄行)、"宽早优"(1膜3行,76 cm等行距)2种种植模式和13.5、18.0和22.5万株/hm2三个种植密度的定位试验,监测棉花全生育期的土壤温度和土壤水分动态变化,结合棉花产量分析农田水分利用效率,综合评价不同机采棉种植模式的生产适应性。结果表明,不同种植模式和密度影响土壤温度,但不存在互作效应。不同处理下耕层土壤温度变化规律一致,随着气温升高土壤温度逐渐增加,棉花封垄郁闭后,土壤温度迅速下降并波动。在生育前期(5月-6月),不同种植模式和密度下耕层土壤温度无显著性差异,而"宽早优"模式提高了花期和铃期的土壤温度,比"矮密早"模式平均高1.7 ℃。"宽早优"模式的全生育期耕层土壤积温较"矮密早"模式显著提高8.3%~9.9%(P<0.05),主要提升了花铃期的土壤积温(35.1~88.8 ℃);从全生育期耗水量来看,"宽早优"模式的耗水量低于"矮密早"模式,降低0.8~6.7mm;提高种植密度会降低耕层土壤积温,增加棉田耗水量。"宽早优"模式提高了棉花籽棉产量和水分利用效率,其中2019年较"矮密早"模式分别显著提高17.5%和18.8%(P<0.05)。"宽早优"模式可以改善棉花生长的土壤水热条件,实现产量和水分利用效率的大幅提高,是更为优化的机采棉种植模式,适合大面积推广。

     

    Abstract: A perfect matching between current machine-harvested cotton pattern and agricultural machinery can greatly contribute to fiber quality and the picking rate in mechanical harvesting. An effective way can be to optimize the row space, thereby to achieve the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy for machine-harvested cotton. In this study, two machine-harvested cotton patterns were selected, including the “aimizao” planting pattern (six lines per film with wide-narrow row spacing, 66+10 cm), and the “kuanzaoyou” planting pattern (three lines per film with equal row spacing, 76 cm) in 2018-2019, as well as 3 planting densities of 135 000, 180 000 and 225 000 plants/hm2. The dynamic changes of soil temperature and soil moisture were monitored during the whole cotton growth period, and the water use efficiency was analyzed combined with the cotton yield, in order to compressively evaluate the applicability of different machine-harvested cotton pattern. The results showed that different machine-harvested cotton patterns and planting densities can affect the soil temperature, but there was no interaction effect. The variation characteristics of soil temperature were consistent under different treatments. With the increase of atmospheric temperature, soil temperature increased, but decreased rapidly and fluctuated after the cotton ridges were closed. There was no significant difference in soil temperature of plough layer under different planting patterns and planting densities in the early growth stage (May to June). However, the soil temperature in flowering and boll setting stage increased by the “kuanzaoyou” planting pattern, where 1.7 ℃ on average higher than that of “aimizao” planting pattern. The accumulated soil temperature of plough layer in the whole growth period under the “kuanzaoyou” pattern significantly increased by 8.3%-9.9% (P<0.05), compared with that of the “aimizao” pattern. In the water consumption during the whole growth period, the water consumption in the “kuanzaoyou” pattern was lower than that of the “aimizao” pattern, but the difference was not significant. Increasing planting density can reduce the accumulated temperature of plough layer, but increase the water consumption of the cotton field. Compared with the “aimizao” planting pattern in 2019, the “kuanzaoyou” planting pattern significantly increased the yield and water use efficiency by 17.5% and 18.8% (P<0.05), respectively. It infers that the “kuanzaoyou” pattern can be used to improve the soil hydrothermal conditions of cotton growth, and thereby to achieve a significant increase in yield and water use efficiency. A more suitable mechanically picked planting pattern can be widely used to promote the cotton mechanical harvesting in Xinjiang, China.

     

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