Abstract: Heilongjiang is the core area of northeast plain. In recent years, black soil degradation and soil fertility decline have occurred in Heilongjiang, which has seriously jeopardized domestic food security. In this paper, the distribution of black soil in Heilongjiang was sorted out, and the reasons for the degradation of black soil were analyzed, such as unreasonable planting structure, unreasonable fertilizer application and imperfect policy system. On this basis, the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were put forward, such as returning straw to farmland, strengthening monitoring of farmland quality and strengthening policy support.