Abstract: This paper studied the effects of conservation tillage and straw returning tillage on soil moisture content, leaf area index,net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency and yield of dry-crocheted wheat field by using Jimai 262 cultivated by Crop Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The results showed that conservation tillage treatment increased soil moisture content in dryland wheat fields, thereby increasing the accumulation of nutrients and ultimately increasing the leaf area. The increase of leaf area significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate（P＜0.05）, which was beneficial to the growth and physiological metabolism of dryland wheat. Under conservation tillage treatment, grain number per ear, ear number and yield of dryland wheat were significantly increased（P＜0.05）. This study can provide theoretical and practical guidance for rational tillage choice of dryland wheat.