Abstract: In order to explore the characteristics of macrobenthic community structure and its influencing factors in the Luanhe River Basin, samples were collected and water quality was monitored in September 2020 and 2021, respectively, to analyze the characteristics of macrobenthic community structure and evaluate the water quality. The results showed that the community structure of macrobenthos in the Luanhe River was significantly different, and the dominant species were insecta. In 2020, the Luanhe River water quality assessment was mainly clean and longitudinal-polluted. In 2021, the Luanhe River water quality assessment was mainly clean and longitudinal-polluted. The pollution was mainly concentrated in the upper and lower reaches of the Luanhe River.