Abstract: In this study, we investigated the seed characteristics and dispersal patterns of Camellia luteoflora Li ex Chang in the native habitat, seed germination characteristics under different storage conditions, stratification time and seeding treatments were detected, and population ecological characteristics of C.luteoflora were also studied. The results showed that the distribution of C.luteoflora was random distribution in Guanyinyan, Shennvpu, Huangnigou, Suoluowang Waterfall and Shigangyan, while the distribution of C.luteoflora in Quanchawodang was clustered distribution. And, there was no significant difference in the 1 000-seed weight of seeds in each plot, which were 2 354.88 g, 2 337.13 g, 2 483.13 g, 2 540.50 g, 2 494.25 g and 2 488.13 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in seed vigor of C. luteoflora seeds among the six plots, but the percentage of empty seed shell and incidence of diseases and insect pests was high, and only 60.00%—70.00% of seeds with germinating vigor were found. Through different experiments, it was found that the germination rate of C. luteoflora seeds increased with the increase of temperature and humidity. Under the same temperature and light conditions, the germination rate and germination potential of the seeds of C. luteoflora increased with the extension of stratification time. Additionally, the results of 6 experimental plots indicated that only the P 3 population showed an increasing pattern, and P 1, P 4 and P 5 populations were stable while P 2 and P 6 populations were declining. Population decline caused by long-term environmental pressure was the main reason for the endangered species of C. luteoflora.