Abstract: In order to further investigate the floral structure and pollination biology of Codonopsis pilosula in Gansu, this study was carried out by observing flowering dynamics in the field, detecting pollen viability and stigma receptivity by TTC and benzidine hydrogen peroxide methods, and detecting the type of breeding system of the plant by means of artificial pollination. The results showed that it took 6-8 hours for the calyx of Codonopsis pilosula to break completely.The stamens started to deviate from the stigma within 4-8 hours after the corolla splitting, the stigma started to split about 24 hours after the corolla splitting, and its single flower life span was mostly 2-3 days. The pollen viability was strongest when the anthers split（74.18%） and the stigma was most receptive to the inner wall of the stigma after dehiscence; both dioecious and homoecious flowers could bear fruit, but the fruiting rate of dioecious flowers was 10.00% higher than that of homoecious flowers, 9.00% for self-pollination and 40.00% for heteroecious pollination. Therefore, there was self-affinity for C. codonopsis, but mainly heteroecious, and insects were the main pollinators in the pollination process.