Abstract: In this paper, taking the Dalbergia melanoxylon wood as the research object, the macrostructure and microstructure of the wood were observed and analyzed, and the structural characteristic parameters of various cells were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the Dalbergia melanoxylon wood growth rings and ripple marks were less obvious, fine structure and straight texture. Heartwood had dark stripes and was yellowish-brown to purplish-brown. For loose hole material, pipe hole combination type was mainly single pipe hole, a few compound pipe hole, and pipe hole contained dark gum. Axial parenchyma was partubular wing and scattered polymerization. The wood rays were fine wood rays, and the main types of wood rays were homomorphic single row and a few homomorphic multiple row. It was not obvious to the naked eye. Wood fiber was stacked, cavity was small and wall was thick. It had compartmentalized crystalline cells. The highest tissue ratio was 80.09% of wood fiber, and the lowest was 0.12% of compartmentalized crystalline cell. According to uniform color space recommended by the International Lighting Commission 1976 CIE（1976） L^* a^* b^* and Munsell chromatic space, Dalbergia melanoxylon wood is mainly red and yellow with low saturation, and the color is deep. Through the study of macrostructure and microstructure characteristics of Dalbergia melanoxylon wood, it provides a reference for identification and utilization of Dalbergia melanoxylon.