Abstract: As a kind of polymer material with versatile product forms, polyurethane is widely used in many applications. Developing technologies that can use green and renewable raw materials as feedstock has become a research hotspot, as well as great significance to the polyurethane research in the future. Based on the relevant literatures of the last decade, this paper focuses on the basic methods and research progress for the synthesis of bio-based polyols and isocyanates from common renewable alternatives, such as vegetable oil(castor oil, soybean oil, tung oil, palm oil, etc.), lignocellulose, rosin, natural phenols(cardanol and tannin), sugars and other biomass resources. In addition, the research status of non-isocyanates was mentioned, and the unique advantages of these materials for the preparation of bio-polyurethane were listed. This article also comprehensively examines the future hurdles that hinder the utilization of these materials, and then the development prospects of bio-based polyurethane materials in different fields are outlooked.