Abstract: Alkali lignin(AL) was separated and purified from papermaking black liquor by acidic precipitation. Then, quaternary ammonium lignin(QAL) was obtained by modifying AL with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Using cellulose hydrogel(CEH) as matrix, antibacterial silver nanoparticles-quaternary ammonium lignin-cellulose hydrogel(Ag NPs-QAL-CEH) was prepared by impregnating with QAL and silver nitrate solutions. The structures of AL and QAL were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the results showed that QAL was successfully prepared. The results of elemental analysis showed that the content of nitrogen increased from 0.6% to 5.9%. Ag NPs-QAL-CEH was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that Ag NPs were obtained by reducing Ag⁺ with QAL, and Ag NPs-QAL was uniformly dispersed in the three-dimensional network structure of CEH. The antibacterial performance of the hydrogel showed that Ag NPs-QAL-CEH formed obvious inhibition zone against S. aureus and E. coli. Furthermore, with the increase of AgNO₃ dosage, the diameters of antibacterial circle increased from 14.2 mm to 20.1 mm and 16.1 mm to 18.1 mm, respectively. When the mass concentration of AgNO₃ was 7.87 g/L in 50 mL QAL solution(including 2.5 g QAL), the obtained Ag NPS-6-QAL-CEH had the best bacteriostatic effect, and the inhibitory rates against S. aureus and E. coli could reach more than 99.5%.