Abstract: Firstly, the decontamination mechanism of biomass-based carbon materials was summarized, and the selection, preparation and surface modification methods of biomass raw materials were analyzed according to the mechanism. The effects of internal factors, including pore structure and surface functional groups, and external factors such as initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, solution pH and temperature on the adsorption performance were discussed. In addition, the adsorption characteristics such as adsorption thermodynamics, adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics were analyzed. Finally, the problems existed in the practical application of biomass-based carbon materials and the diverse development directions in the future were summarized, hoping to provide reference for the application of biomass based carbon materials in the high-efficiency treatment of dying wastewater.