Abstract: To address the issue of small deflection angle and low control accuracy of the electron beam deflection coil in electron beam selection melting additive manufacturing, a scanning deflection coil with a multipole shoe structure was designed. The number of pole shoes and the type of core were selected as test variables to conduct orthogonal simulation tests, and the distribution state of magnetic induction strength inside the coil was analyzed. The optimization goal of the coil parameter udesign was to achieve a high central magnetic induction intensity and a low rate of magnetic field change. By performing extreme difference analysis, the variation law of each index under the action of two factors was determined, and the multi-objective optimization problem was solved based on the MOEA/D algorithm. The results demonstrate that the number of pole shoes and the core type significantly impact the magnetic induction strength at the center of the coil, and the number of pole shoes is the most significant influencing factor on magnetic field uniformity. In conclusion, the coil structure with 18 pole shoes and a coreless design has significant advantages for wide-angle deflection and precise control of the electron beam.