Abstract: Flow resistance is of great significance to the study of flow structure, bedload movement and transport rate. The factors affecting the flow resistance include bed sediment gradation, flow condition, bed surface structure and bedload transport rate. Considering a synthesis of bed surface sediment condition, flow condition and bedload transport, the flow resistance of flat and non-uniform bed surface is divided into grain resistance and bedload transport resistance. Based on the variation of the bedload transport rate on the process of bed surface coarsening, the degree coefficient of bed surface coarsening is expressed as a function of the relative transport rate. Combined with resistance formula of uniform bed surface and non-uniform bed surface which has coarsened completely, this paper establishes the grain resistance formula of bed surface including the structural parameters. Based on the difference of mechanical characteristics of rolling and saltation bedload, the forces of rolling bedload on the bed surface are analyzed, and the energy consumption of rolling bedload carried by water is obtained, and compared with the calculation formula which is established by bagnold. The bedload transport resistance formula is established by combining the proportion of rolling and saltation bedload under different flow strengths. The coarsening coefficient of bed surface is determined from the measured coarsening surface data, and finally the calculating formula for flow resistance of the flat and non-uniform bed surface with bedload transportation is established. Verified by the measured data and compared with other scholars’ resistance calculation formulae, the root mean square relative error（RMSRE） of the formula is only 0.094, which is less than that of other scholars, indicating that the resistance calculation formula is highly accurate.