Abstract: Water resources are the lifeblood of social and economic development in oases. In areas where water resources are scarce,water resources utilization efficiency is the key to the improvement of the regional water resources carrying capacity. Based on the water resources utilization data of Shule River Basin from 2005 to 2018,the factors affecting the water consumption of the basin are decomposed into economic effect,population effect,quota effect and industrial structure effect by using the logarithmic mean Di decomposition method（LMDI）,and the effects of different factors on the change of water consumption are analyzed. The decoupling elasticity index is introduced to further analyze the relative relationship between the economic effect with the largest cumulative effect and water consumption. The results show that（1）In Shule River Basin,economic effect and population effect play a pulling effect on the change of water resources utilization. Industrial structure effect and quota effect are inhibitory effects.（2） The comprehensive effect of basin water resources utilization is negative on the whole,which can be divided into two stages with 2010 as the boundary. In the first stage,the comprehensive effect of basin water resources utilization shows an upward trend. In the second stage,the comprehensive effect of water resources utilization shows a fluctuating downward trend.（3）The decoupling state of water resources utilization and economic growth has experienced a process of strong decoupling,strong negative decoupling and recession decoupling. There are differences in the decoupling state of various industries,among which the decoupling state of the primary industry is the best.