Abstract: Aquatic ecosystem is an important carbon pool of terrestrial ecosystem,among which peatland is the ecosystem with the highest carbon accumulation in freshwater wetland,storing nearly one-third of the carbon in the global soil carbon pool. As such,under the background of climate warming,the balance of carbon pool in peatland will have a huge change,which will affect the global carbon emissions budget. This paper summarizes and comments on the formation,evolution and carbon accumulation process of peatland in the historical period,the potential carbon emission process mechanism and influencing factors of peatland under the background of climate change at the present stage,and the use of model to predict the dynamic change of peatland carbon pool in the future. The results show that the carbon accumulation of peatland has been rapid since the Holocene,but the carbon storage of peatland has changed significantly due to the influence of global warming. The rising temperature,the change of temporal and spatial distribution pattern of precipitation and the change of environmental vegetation caused by climate change have affected the biogeochemical process driven by microorganisms in peatland,thus affecting the carbon dynamics of peatland,but the dominant factors and interactions require further research. At the same time,as an important way to predict the future carbon dynamics of peatland,models’ prediction results have great uncertainty due to their different parameters and structures. Therefore,how to obtain more measured data,optimize the model structure and improve the accuracy of the results will be urgent problems to be solved in the future. This paper is helpful to explore the impact of climate warming on the carbon cycle of peatland,to estimate the carbon emissions of peatland system in the future,and to provide an important theoretical basis for achieving the goals of“carbon peak”and“carbon neutralization”.