Abstract: In order to study the greenhouse gas emissions from rice and the efficiency of rice production, this paper takes Heilongjiang Province, an important commodity grain base in China, as an example, uses the Chinese official provincial greenhouse gas inventory method based on the IPCC guidelines to estimate the direct and indirect emissions of rice greenhouse gases, and analyzes the change trend of rice greenhouse gases. On this basis, the DEA model is used to analyze the rationality of the input-output structure of rice production. The results show that the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions from rice in Heilongjiang Province show an overall upward trend, with CH₄ accounting for the highest proportion of 87.70% and N₂O accounting for 5.77%. Indirect emissions account for 6.53%. The rice production efficiency value of Heilongjiang Province in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2016 and 2018 was less than 1, the input and output structure was unreasonable, the relative benefit failed to achieve the best, there were different degrees of low input utilization rate and insufficient output value income, and farmers’ income and profits were damaged. The greenhouse gas emission rates of rice in 2008 and 2010 were low, and the implementation of low-carbon measures in the production process was better, achieving less carbon emissions. The research results can provide a scientific reference for rational allocation of rice planting production input factors and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Heilongjiang Province.