Abstract: According to the requirement of a single grain viability test of rice seeds in batch, an air-suction seed arrangement device was designed. In this study, three kinds of rice with different shapes, Zhongjiazao 17, Yongyou 538, and Zhongzheyou 10, were selected as the experimental samples. With the air absorption rate, single grain adsorption rate, and multiple grain adsorption rates as the assessment indexes, the factors affecting the adsorption characteristics of rice seeds were investigated. The seed shape, nozzle diameter d, adsorption pressure p₀, and nozzle speed ω were studied and analyzed. The results showed that the shape of the seed had a great effect on the adsorption characteristics of the seed, the diameter and pressure of the nozzle had a significant effect on the adsorption rate, and the rotation speed of the nozzle had no significant effect on the adsorption rate. The suction rate was negatively correlated with the nozzle diameter and adsorption pressure. The adsorption rate of single-particle first increased and then decreased with an increase in the nozzle diameter, the length-to-diameter ratio of small particles first increased and then decreased with an increase in the adsorption pressure, and the length-to-diameter ratio of large particles first decreased and then increased with an increase in the adsorption pressure. The adsorption rate of compound particles was positively correlated with nozzle diameter and adsorption pressure. Finally, the optimal adsorption parameters of the three seeds were determined, under the conditions of adsorption pressure was 9 kPa, nozzle diameter was 1.5 mm, and nozzle speed was 22.5 r/min, the maximum single adsorption rate of Zhongjiazao 17 was 91.7%. Under the conditions of adsorption pressure was 5 kPa, nozzle diameter was 1.5 mm, and nozzle speed was 16.875 r/min, the maximum single adsorption rate of Yongyou 538 was 92.5%. Under the conditions of adsorption pressure was 5 kPa, nozzle diameter was 1.25 mm, and nozzle speed was 22.5 r/min, the maximum single adsorption rate of Zhongzheyou 10 was 85.84%. The lowest effective adsorption rate of the three groups of seeds was 86.7%, which fully met the requirement of hyperspectral detection of 4-6 seeds/s for a single seed.