Abstract: In order to solve the challenges of low precision, poor stability, and over-reliance on expert experience in current water and fertilizer control systems, a water and fertilizer control system was designed based on Fuzzy PID control model. The system adopted the SOA algorithm with adaptive characteristics, intelligently optimized the quantization factor and scale factor of fuzzy PID controller, and completed the adaptive adjustment of various parameters in the system. Compared to the fuzzy PID controller, the SOA optimized fuzzy PID controller shortened the adjustment time by 26.7% and the overshoot by 3.5%, and had strong adaptability and stability in the control process. Finally, an embedded device having a Linux platform was used as the main controller to investigate the water fertilizer ratio. The results showed that the system had the advantages of fast adjustment of water and fertilizer concentration, high precision, and stable operation process, which can meet the performance requirements of modern agricultural water and fertilizer control systems.