Abstract: In the context of common prosperity and agricultural modernization, it is of great practical significance to discuss the influence of agricultural mechanization on the income of large-scale farmers. Based on sampling data of 433 plantation family farms in Jiangsu province, OLS model and quantile regression model are used to empirically analyze the relationship and influencing mechanism between them at the micro level. The results show that agricultural mechanization significantly increases the total income of family farms, and the income increasing effect of different income groups is different. Agricultural mechanization has greater income increasing effect on middle and low income family farms, thus helping to narrow the income gap. Agricultural mechanization mainly increases agricultural income of family farms and thus increases their total income, which helps the specialization of family farms. For family farms with different crop types, there is heterogeneity in the impact of agricultural mechanization on income increasing. Agricultural mechanization significantly increases the income of family farms growing pure grain crops, but has no significant effect on the income of family farms growing pure economic crops. Agricultural mechanization increases agricultural income and total income by increasing farming scale. In order to increase farmers’ income and achieve common prosperity, it is suggested to give more diversified policy support to farmers’ purchase of agricultural machinery, develop socialized agricultural machinery services, promote orderly transfer of farmland management rights, and provide institutional guarantee for the moderate operation scale of family farms.