Abstract: Agricultural modernization and rural human capital investment are strategic objectives and important steps of rural revitalization. Based on the coupling coordination mechanism of rural human capital and agricultural modernization, an index evaluation system was established, and the coupling coordination degree and obstacle factor diagnostic model were used to analyze the evolution process and obstacle factors of the coupling coordination between the two systems in Jilin Province from 2010 to 2019. The results show that there are shortcomings in coupling coordination, the comprehensive evaluation index F（x） of rural human capital is between 0.088 and 0.220, then the comprehensive evaluation index G（x） of agricultural modernization is between 0.162 and 0.606. In contrast, rural human capital obviously lags behind, and agricultural modernization is relatively ahead in development based on its advantages of traditional agricultural areas. The coupling coordination degree D of the two systems increases from 0.346 to 0.575, the overall coordination shows a steady and progressive optimization trend, and the coordination state experiences the transformation of “slight imbalance-near coordination-reluctantly coordination”. By analyzing the obstacle factors affecting coordination, it is found that the obstacle degree of rural education human capital B₁ is the largest, which is 29.19%. The level of green development B₉ takes the second place, accounting for 24.62%. Rural skilled human capital B₂ ranks third, accounting for 10.51%. In order to realize its coordinated development, Jilin Province needs to further increase financial investment in rural education, rely on colleges and universities to cultivate new professional farmers, encourage high-quality labor to return village, promote green development of agriculture and reduce the use of chemical fertilizer.