Abstract: Fruit disease is one of the important factors affecting the healthy of fruit trees, fruit quality and yield. Timely and accurate detection of fruit disease information and precise application control are of great significance for preventing the occurrence and prevalence of major diseases in orchards and ensuring stable and excellent fruit yield. With the demand of large-scale, intelligent and high-efficiency development of modern agriculture, visual and spectral detection technology has gradually developed into one of the important technologies for the detection of fruit diseases, because of its advantages of nondestructive testing, large-scale and high-efficiency. This paper reviews the research progress of computer vision and spectral technology in the field of fruit disease detection, and introduces that the image processing technology has good explanatory ability, which is conducive to the combination with plant protection agronomy research. Deep learning technology has better precision and generalization. Transmission spectrum technology can be used to detect internal diseases of fruit. Reflectance spectroscopy can be used to detect the surface diseases of fruits and leaves, and achieve classification. Finally, the future optimization and application of computer vision and spectral detection technology are summarized, and the practical production and application prospects of fruit disease detection are prospected, so as to provide reference for the research of fruit disease detection.