Abstract: Food security is “the biggest of the country”, with the large transfer of agricultural labor force, whether the resilience of food production is affected and how much it is affected has become an important issue in the new era. Based on the provincial panel data of China’s major grain-producing areas from 2010 to 2022, this paper constructs a comprehensive index system of grain production resilience in major grain-producing areas. Firstly, entropy weight and coefficient of variation are used to measure it. Secondly, a fixed-effect model is used to empirically test the internal logic of the impact of agricultural labor transfer on grain production resilience. The results show that the transfer of agricultural labor contributes to the improvement of the resilience of grain production in the main producing areas, and the promoting effect on the resilience of grain production is stable in a long time series. Specifically, for every 1% increase in agricultural labor transfer, the resilience level of grain production in the main production areas will increase by an average of 1.712 0%. The study also found that there was significant heterogeneity between the northern and southern major producing areas, and the northern major producing areas had a more significant effect on the resilience of grain production. Therefore, it is an effective way to ensure China’s food security in the new era by further guiding the non-agricultural transfer of agricultural labor and promoting the improvement of the resilience level of regional grain production.