Abstract: Developing agricultural production trusteeship is an inevitable choice for agriculture to cope with the “Lewis inflection point” and the disappearance of demographic dividend. Based on the survey data of rice farmers in Jianghan Plain, the probit model, CMP model and other methods are used to analyze the impact of farmers’ differentiation on agricultural production trusteeship, and further explore the heterogeneous impact of farmers’ differentiation on different trusteeship links and different farmers. The results show that the differentiation of farmers promotes the agricultural production trusteeship, and the differentiation of farmers plays a significant role in the trusteeship of labor-intensive production links such as land preparation and harvesting, while it does not play a significant role in the trusteeship of technology intensive production links such as seedling raising, transplanting, fertilization, and pest control. The differentiation of farmers has a significant impact on promoting women’s participation in agricultural production and trusteeship, but not on men. The differentiation of farmers has a significant impact on the participation of both older and younger farmers in agricultural production trusteeship, and has passed the 1% significance test. However, it has a greater impact on younger farmers. Therefore, we should further promote the development and improvement of agricultural production trusteeship to address the differentiation of farmers. Adhering to the principle of “supplementing the weak and supporting the strong”, the subsidy and incentive policies for different types of production processes should be emphasized. While we should enhance farmers’ willingness to engage in production trusteeship, so as to promote the development and completion of agricultural production trusteeship.